{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T17:13:29Z","timestamp":1780506809849,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]],"date-time":"2024-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000133","name":"Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HS29183-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HS29183-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000133","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Opioid overdose was declared a public health emergency in the United States, but much of the focus has been on adults. Child and adolescent exposure and access to unused prescription-opioid medications is a big concern. More research is needed on the trend of pediatric (age 0\u201317) prescription-opioid overdose emergency department (ED) visits in the United States, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic year.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This retrospective epidemiological study used the 2008\u20132020 Nationwide Emergency Department Sample to provide a national estimate of ED visits related to prescription-opioid overdose. Inclusion criteria were 0-17-year-old patients treated at the ED due to prescription-opioid overdose. Eligible visits were identified if their medical records included any administrative billing codes for prescription-opioid overdose. National estimates were broken down by age groups, sex, geographic region, primary payer, median household income by zip code, ED disposition, and hospital location\/teaching status. Incidence rate per 100,000 U.S. children was calculated for age groups, sex, and geographic region.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Overall, the prescription-opioid overdose ED visits for patients from 0\u201317 years old in the United States decreased by 22% from 2008 to 2019, then increased by 12% in 2020. Most patients were discharged to home following their ED visit; however, there was a 42% increase in patients admitted from 2019 to 2020. The prescription-opioid overdose rate per 100,000 U.S. children was highest in the 0 to 1 and 12 to 17 age groups, with the 12 to 17 group increasing by 27% in 2020. ED visits in the West and Midwest saw prescription-opioid visits increase by 58% and 20%, respectively, from 2019\u20132020.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Prescription-opioid overdose ED visits among U.S. children and adolescents decreased over the past decade until 2019. However, there was a substantial increase in ED visits from 2019 to 2020, suggesting the potential impact due to the then-emerging COVID-19 pandemic. Findings suggest focusing on young children and adolescents to reduce further prescription-opioid overdoses in the United States.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0299163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]],"date-time":"2024-04-17T17:25:37Z","timestamp":1713374737000},"page":"e0299163","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Trends in pediatric prescription-opioid overdoses in U.S. emergency departments from 2008\u20132020: An epidemiologic study of pediatric opioid overdose ED visits"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Audrey","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5412-4875","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Megan","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Alexander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7110-7137","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eurella","family":"Vest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Motao","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8112-319X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Henry","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0299163.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.6558","article-title":"US National Trends in Pediatric Deaths From Prescription and Illicit Opioids, 1999\u20132016","volume":"1","author":"JR Gaither","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0299163.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2016.2154","article-title":"National Trends in Hospitalizations for Opioid Poisonings Among Children and Adolescents, 1997 to 2012","volume":"170","author":"JR Gaither","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0299163.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2008.07.015","article-title":"The underrecognized toll of prescription opioid abuse on young children","volume":"53","author":"JE Bailey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0299163.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2011.07.042","article-title":"The growing impact of pediatric pharmaceutical poisoning","volume":"160","author":"GR Bond","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0299163.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-2978","article-title":"Adult Prescription Drug Use and Pediatric Medication Exposures and Poisonings","volume":"132","author":"LC Burghardt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"pone.0299163.ref006","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention VitalSigns. 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