{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T14:37:53Z","timestamp":1771511873366,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]],"date-time":"2024-02-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020884","name":"Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["11230984"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11230984"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020884","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Vicerectory Office of Research anf Development. Universidad de Chile","award":["PROA001\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PROA001\/19"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020884","name":"Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANID\/PIA\/Basal Funds for Centers of Excellence Project FB0003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANID\/PIA\/Basal Funds for Centers of Excellence Project FB0003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020884","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"CommuniCog Research Group, Universidad del B\u00edo-B\u00edo","award":["GI2309435"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GI2309435"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although there is evidence that recognizing pseudowords is more difficult than recognizing words during childhood, adulthood, and early old age (60\u201375 years), it is not yet clear what happens during advanced aging or the fourth age, a stage when the decline of fluid intelligence strongly affects processing speed, but a good performance of crystallized intelligence is described through an increase in vocabulary and knowledge. The objective of this study was to determine the lexicality effect in advanced aging, specifically exploring how the ability to recognize words and pseudowords (ortho-phonologically plausible for Spanish) is affected during the third and fourth-ages. The lexicality effect was measured using naming and lexical decision tasks. Response time and accuracy were compared between a fourth-age group (80+ years) and two third-age groups (60\u201369 and 70\u201379 years) through linear regression models. The results showed that, in general, the fourth-age group had longer response times and reduced accuracy when recognizing words and pseudowords. Moreover, they showed a significant lexicality effect (which increases from the third- age onwards), reflected in higher costs during pseudoword recognition, especially when the task required more cognitive effort (lexical decision task). These results were consistent with the impact of the deterioration of fluid intelligence on the speed of lexical recognition and with the better performance that crystallized intelligence can generate on accuracy, especially in the early stages of old age. Additionally, this study supports the fact that pseudoword recognition resists cognitive decline, as accentuated deterioration is visualized only after 80 years.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0299266","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]],"date-time":"2024-02-29T18:42:43Z","timestamp":1709232163000},"page":"e0299266","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Word or pseudoword? The lexicality effect in naming and lexical decision tasks during advanced aging"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2889-3982","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Carlos","family":"Rojas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marilyn","family":"San Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Urz\u00faa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ernesto","family":"Guerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0299266.ref001","first-page":"27","volume-title":"Soziologie-Sociology in the German-Speaking World.","author":"F H\u00f6pflinger","year":"2019"},{"key":"pone.0299266.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1177\/0898264314543470","article-title":"Aging, place, and technology: Toward improving access and wellness in older populations.","volume":"26","author":"W Satariano","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Aging Health"},{"key":"pone.0299266.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijge.2015.04.002","article-title":"The old and the oldest-old: Do they have different perspectives on adjustment to aging","volume":"9","author":"S Von Humboldt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Gerontol"},{"key":"pone.0299266.ref004","first-page":"193","volume-title":"Cognition, language and aging.","author":"J Margrett","year":"2016"},{"key":"pone.0299266.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1080\/13825585.2012.761671","article-title":"Norms from the Georgia Centenarian Study: Measures of verbal abstract reasoning, fluency, memory, and motor function.","volume":"20","author":"M Mitchell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aging Neuropsychol Cogn."},{"key":"pone.0299266.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/jintelligence8010001","article-title":"Disentangling the effects of processing speed on the association between age differences and fluid intelligence.","volume":"8","author":"A Schubert","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Intell."},{"key":"pone.0299266.ref007","first-page":"107","volume-title":"Cognition, language and aging.","author":"G DeDe","year":"2016"},{"key":"pone.0299266.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0714980820000070","article-title":"The prevalence of hearing, vision, and dual sensory loss in older Canadians: An analysis of data from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging","volume":"40","author":"P Mick","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can. 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