{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T14:08:15Z","timestamp":1740146895613,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]],"date-time":"2024-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708646400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012456","name":"National Social Science Fund of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21CYY011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21CYY011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012456","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Drug addiction can cause severe damage to the human brain, leading to significant problems in cognitive processing, such as irritability, speech distortions, and exaggeration of negative stimuli. Speech plays a fundamental role in social interaction, including both the production and perception. The ability to perceive communicative functions conveyed through speech is crucial for successful interpersonal communication and the maintaining good social relationships. However, due to the limited number of previous studies, it remains unclear whether the cognitive disorder caused by drug addiction affects the perception of communicative function conveyed in Mandarin speech. To address this question, we conducted a perception experiment involving sixty male participants, including 25 heroin addicts and 35 healthy controls. The experiment aimed to examine the perception of three communicative functions (i.e., statement, interrogative, and imperative) under three background noise conditions (i.e., no noise, SNR [Signal to Noise Ratio] = 10, and SNR = 0). Eight target sentences were first recorded by two native Mandarin speakers for each of the three communicative functions. Each half was then combined with Gaussian White Noise under two background noise conditions (i.e., SNR = 10 and SNR = 0). Finally, 48 speech stimuli were included in the experiment with four options provided for perceptual judgment. The results showed that, under the three noise conditions, the average perceptual accuracies of the three communicative functions were 80.66% and 38% for the control group and the heroin addicts, respectively. Significant differences were found in the perception of the three communicative functions between the control group and the heroin addicts under the three noise conditions, except for the recognition of imperative under strong noise condition (i.e., SNR = 0). Moreover, heroin addicts showed good accuracy (around 50%) in recognizing imperative and poor accuracy (i.e., lower than the chance level) in recognizing interrogative. This paper not only fills the research gap in the perception of communicative functions in Mandarin speech among drug addicts but also enhances the understanding of the effects of drugs on speech perception and provides a foundation for the speech rehabilitation of drug addicts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0299331","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]],"date-time":"2024-02-23T18:49:17Z","timestamp":1708714157000},"page":"e0299331","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The perception of Mandarin speech conveying communicative functions in Chinese heroin addicts"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5126-9187","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Puyang","family":"Geng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ningxue","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qimeng","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xingwen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0299331.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2098","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq138","article-title":"Alterations in brain structure and functional connectivity in prescription opioid-dependent patients","volume":"133","author":"J Upadhyay","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"pone.0299331.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2022.113752","article-title":"Difference in topological organization of white matter structural connectome between methamphetamine and heroin use disorder","volume":"422","author":"W Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"pone.0299331.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.030","article-title":"Changes in brain gray matter in abstinent heroin addicts","volume":"126","author":"X Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"pone.0299331.ref004","first-page":"1","article-title":"Whole-brain white matter abnormalities in human cocaine and heroin use disorders: association with craving, recency, and cumulative use","author":"P-O Gaudreault","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0299331.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-021-01153-9","article-title":"The neurobiology of drug addiction: cross-species insights into the dysfunction and recovery of the prefrontal cortex","volume":"47","author":"AO Ceceli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"pone.0299331.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2009.08.014","article-title":"Gray matter density negatively correlates with duration of heroin use in young lifetime heroin-dependent individuals","volume":"71","author":"Y Yuan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Cogn"},{"key":"pone.0299331.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2011.00316.x","article-title":"Reversible brain white matter microstructure changes in heroin addicts: a longitudinal study","volume":"18","author":"X Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"key":"pone.0299331.ref008","first-page":"4554","article-title":"Psychosis after buprenorphine, heroin, methadone, morphine, oxycodone, and tramadol withdrawal: a systematic review","volume":"25","author":"MT Lozano-L\u00f3pez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0299331.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2019.21.3\/gdom","article-title":"Cognition and addiction","volume":"21","author":"A Verdejo-Garcia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0299331.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.09.013","article-title":"Reward and executive control network resting-state functional connectivity is associated with impulsivity during reward-based decision making for cocaine users","volume":"194","author":"AL Hobkirk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"pone.0299331.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/s11055-005-0034-0","article-title":"Dynamics of assessments of time intervals by patients with heroin addiction","volume":"35","author":"SG Aleksandrov","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurosci Behav Physiol"},{"key":"pone.0299331.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12060745","article-title":"Time Perception in Cocaine-Dependent Patients","volume":"12","author":"G Mioni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"pone.0299331.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2016.03.008","article-title":"Time perception deficits in impulsivity disorders: A systematic review","volume":"27","author":"D Moreira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aggress Violent Behav"},{"key":"pone.0299331.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2004.10.010","article-title":"Experience of emotions in substance abusers exposed to images containing neutral, positive, and negative affective stimuli","volume":"78","author":"FA De Arcos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"pone.0299331.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2011.10.004","article-title":"Biased attention towards negative schematic expression in abstinent heroin abusers","volume":"43","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0299331.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00114","article-title":"Dark times: the role of negative reinforcement in methamphetamine addiction","volume":"11","author":"AC May","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0299331.ref017","first-page":"6","article-title":"The role of self-efficacy beliefs and social support on prediction of addiction relapse","author":"Z Nikmanesh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J High Risk Behav Addict"},{"key":"pone.0299331.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6295","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0910-08.2008","article-title":"Individual differences in psychotic effects of ketamine are predicted by brain function measured under placebo","volume":"28","author":"GD Honey","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0299331.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2134","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291720001038","article-title":"Acute effects of cannabis on speech illusions and psychotic-like symptoms: two studies testing the moderating effects of cannabidiol and adolescence","volume":"51","author":"C Mokrysz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"pone.0299331.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1300\/J175v02n02_02","article-title":"Topographic EEG changes accompanying cannabis-induced alteration of music perception\u2014Cannabis as a hearing aid?","volume":"2","author":"J. Fachner","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Cannabis Ther"},{"key":"pone.0299331.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1525\/ac.2006.17.2.78","article-title":"An ethno\u2010methodological approach to cannabis and music perception, with EEG brain mapping in a naturalistic setting","volume":"17","author":"J. Fachner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anthropol Conscious"},{"key":"pone.0299331.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0183695","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0183695","article-title":"White noise speech illusion and psychosis expression: An experimental investigation of psychosis liability","volume":"12","author":"L-K Pries","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"pone.0299331.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00367","article-title":"A comprehensive review of auditory verbal hallucinations: lifetime prevalence, correlates and mechanisms in healthy and clinical individuals","volume":"7","author":"S de Leede-Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0299331.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2731","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291716001112","article-title":"Introducing the White Noise task in childhood: associations between speech illusions and psychosis vulnerability","volume":"46","author":"MK Rimvall","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"pone.0299331.ref025","article-title":"Speech illusions in people at clinical high risk for psychosis linked to clinical outcome","author":"EJ Hird","year":"2022","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"pone.0299331.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1080\/026990597123386","article-title":"Substance abuse, traumatic brain injury and neuropsychological outcome","volume":"11","author":"MP Kelly","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"key":"pone.0299331.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05783.x","article-title":"Attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and substance abuse: diagnostic and therapeutic considerations","volume":"931","author":"MA Sullivan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"article-title":"Praat: Doing phonetics by computer [Computer program](Version 6.1. 50)","year":"2021","author":"P Boersma","key":"pone.0299331.ref028"},{"key":"pone.0299331.ref029","first-page":"1","author":"S Champely","year":"2020","journal-title":"Package \u2018pwr.\u2019 R Package Version"},{"volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","year":"2020","author":"R Core Team","key":"pone.0299331.ref030"},{"key":"pone.0299331.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.45.12.1304","article-title":"Things I have learned (so far)","volume":"45","author":"J. Cohen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0299331.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-018-01193-y","article-title":"PsychoPy2: Experiments in behavior made easy","volume":"51","author":"J Peirce","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"pone.0299331.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","article-title":"Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using lme4","volume":"67","author":"D Bates","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"pone.0299331.ref034","first-page":"82","article-title":"lmerTest package: tests in linear mixed effects models","author":"A Kuznetsova","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"journal-title":"afex: Analysis of factorial experiments. R Package Version 013\u2013145","year":"2015","author":"H Singmann","key":"pone.0299331.ref035"},{"key":"pone.0299331.ref036","first-page":"216","article-title":"lsmeans","volume":"34","author":"Lenth R. Package","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am Stat"},{"key":"pone.0299331.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.05.023","article-title":"Neurobiology of opioid addiction: opponent process, hyperkatifeia, and negative reinforcement","volume":"87","author":"GF Koob","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0299331.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2019.01.022","article-title":"The role of stress in drug addiction. An integrative review","volume":"202","author":"P Ruisoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"pone.0299331.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.32598\/hms.25.4.282","article-title":"Predicting risk-taking behaviors based on the role of perceived social support components, emotional expression and brain-behavioral systems in addicts.","volume":"25","author":"E Sadri Damirchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Horiz Med Sci"},{"key":"pone.0299331.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1819.2001.00883.x","article-title":"Pitch perception shift: A rare side\u2010effect of carbamazepine","volume":"55","author":"T Kobayashi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0299331.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e527","DOI":"10.1097\/MJT.0000000000000754","article-title":"Levetiracetam-associated decrease in pitch perception","volume":"26","author":"K Kubota","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Ther"},{"key":"pone.0299331.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-200007000-00010","article-title":"Reversible pitch perception deficit caused by carbamazepine","volume":"23","author":"T Miyaoka","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"pone.0299331.ref043","first-page":"2022","article-title":"Disturbed Pitch Perception during Antidepressant Therapy of a Combination of Lithium, Nortriptyline, and Oxazepam: A Rare Unexpected and Undesirable Side Effect for a Violinist.","author":"S. de Groot","year":"2022","journal-title":"Case Rep Otolaryngol"},{"key":"pone.0299331.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2533","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl171","article-title":"Music and the brain: disorders of musical listening","volume":"129","author":"L Stewart","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"pone.0299331.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-015-0574-9","article-title":"Neural mechanisms underlying musical pitch perception and clinical applications including developmental dyslexia","volume":"15","author":"CJ Yuskaitis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0299331.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2020.07.002","article-title":"How effective are pharmaceuticals for cognitive enhancement in healthy adults? A series of meta-analyses of cognitive performance during acute administration of modafinil, methylphenidate and D-amphetamine","volume":"38","author":"CA Roberts","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"pone.0299331.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2012.10.001","article-title":"Addiction-related gene regulation: Risks of exposure to cognitive enhancers vs. other psychostimulants","volume":"100","author":"H Steiner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"pone.0299331.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2020.01.010","article-title":"Modulation of object memory consolidation by heroin and heroin-conditioned stimuli: Role of opioid and noradrenergic systems","volume":"33","author":"M Wolter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"pone.0299331.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.112.007054","article-title":"Psychostimulants and cognition: a continuum of behavioral and cognitive activation","volume":"66","author":"S Wood","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"pone.0299331.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14708","article-title":"Psychostimulant use and the brain","volume":"114","author":"JM Lappin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"pone.0299331.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2017.00260","article-title":"Psychostimulants as cognitive enhancers in adolescents: more risk than reward?","volume":"5","author":"KR Urban","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0299331.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1080\/14622299050011141","article-title":"Smoking after nicotine deprivation enhances cognitive performance and decreases tobacco craving in drug abusers","volume":"1","author":"SL Bell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"pone.0299331.ref053","article-title":"The effect of Different tDCS protocols on drug craving and cognitive functions in methamphetamine addicts","author":"S Rezvanian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Basic Clin Neurosci J"},{"key":"pone.0299331.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-011-2512-0","article-title":"Effect of craving induction on inhibitory control in opiate dependence","volume":"219","author":"A Verdejo-Garc\u00eda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"pone.0299331.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1080\/10550490701375285","article-title":"An fMRI study of the interaction of stress and cocaine cues on cocaine craving in cocaine-dependent men","volume":"16","author":"E Duncan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Addict"},{"key":"pone.0299331.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.4091","article-title":"Large-scale brain network coupling predicts acute nicotine abstinence effects on craving and cognitive function","volume":"71","author":"C Lerman","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0299331.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10100682","article-title":"Salivary cortisol levels are associated with craving and cognitive performance in cocaine-abstinent subjects: a pilot study","volume":"10","author":"P Sampedro-Piquero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"pone.0299331.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2003.12.005","article-title":"Cognitive bias and drug craving in recreational cannabis users","volume":"74","author":"M Field","year":"2004","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"pone.0299331.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291799001269","article-title":"Attentional bias for drug cues in opiate dependence","volume":"30","author":"DI Lubman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"pone.0299331.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4603(98)00112-9","article-title":"Influence of individual differences in craving and obsessive cocaine thoughts on attentional processes in cocaine abuse patients","volume":"25","author":"IH Franken","year":"2000","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"pone.0299331.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.12.028","article-title":"Repeated stimulation of the dorsolateral-prefrontal cortex improves executive dysfunctions and craving in drug addiction: A randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study","volume":"13","author":"J Alizadehgoradel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Stimulat"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0299331","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]],"date-time":"2024-02-23T18:49:58Z","timestamp":1708714198000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0299331"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Weihua","family":"Y. U. E.","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0299331","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1932-6203"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]]}}}