{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T02:46:12Z","timestamp":1793155572216,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]],"date-time":"2024-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oral health is a vital indicator of well-being that is influenced by various habits and lifestyles of individuals. Oral diseases are the bottleneck in the effective control of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) due to chronic in nature and reciprocal relationship as sharing the common risk factors and habits such as sugar, tobacco, and alcohol consumption that increase the risk of developing various inevitable diseases. However, there is a lack of literature highlighting the relationship between risk factors for oral diseases and general health among individuals. This cross-sectional study was carried out among 500 study participants aged 20 to 64 years who gave written informed consent and were recruited by Multistage Stratified Cluster Sampling technique among workers in five bone factories, working for at least one year since January 2001 to March 2022 in Sambhal city, Uttar Pradesh. WHO-Basic Oral Health Survey-1997 was used to record the data regarding sociodemographic and oral health status variables. We used the modified WHO-STEPWISE pre-structured questionnaire to record tobacco consumption habits and oral health-seeking behavior. We scheduled a clinical intra-oral examination to record the Decayed Missing Filled Teeth (DMFT) index and the interview on the premises of five bone factories. Among the 500 bone-factory workers, the total number of males was 342 (68.40%) and 158 (31.60%) were females. The mean age (Standard Deviation) was 33.18 (10), and the mean DMFT score of factory workers was 2.84 (3.12). Production workers had the highest mean DMFT score of 4.60 (3.25). More than half of the factory workers (53.2%) were tobacco users. Tobacco users were 3.52 times more likely to have a severe DMFT index. Most common pre-cancerous lesions were oral submucous fibrosis and leukoplakia. Compared to non-tobacco users, mild tobacco users have 6.80 folds higher odds of oral lesions. Tobacco consumption is not only harmful for oral health but also leads to several non-communicable and systemic diseases. NCDs and dental caries are chronic and preventable conditions with a bidirectional relationship implicated by modifiable major risk factors such as tobacco consumption. Decreasing the consumption of tobacco use may improve oral health and reduce the risk of the development of NCDs. Also, regular dental visits should be scheduled to monitor the oral health status of factory workers. Additionally, tailored intervention for tobacco cessation should be implicated to maintain the general and oral health of industrial workers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0299594","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]],"date-time":"2024-04-17T17:40:36Z","timestamp":1713375636000},"page":"e0299594","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Impact of tobacco habits on poor oral health status among bone-factory workers in a low literacy city in India: A cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0137-4608","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Naved","family":"Alam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Warisha","family":"Mariam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0299594.ref001","unstructured":"National Informatics Centre. District Sambhal, Government of Uttar Pradesh. India [Internet]. [cited 2022 May 15]. 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WHO\u2019s global oral health status report 2022: Actions, discussion and implementation. Oral Dis [Internet]. [cited 2023 Nov 11]. Available from: https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/odi.14516.","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.14516"},{"key":"pone.0299594.ref010","unstructured":"WHO. Oral health India-2022, Country profile. [Internet]. [cited 2023 Nov 10]. 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Int J Appl Dent Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0299594.ref052","article-title":"Association of bacterial growth in the oral cavity between tobacco smokers and tobacco chewers.","volume":"7","author":"S Sellappa","year":"2015"},{"key":"pone.0299594.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e846081","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/846081","article-title":"Poor Dental Status and Oral Hygiene Practices in Institutionalized Older People in Northeast Brazil.","volume":"2009","author":"L Ribeiro Gai\u00e3o","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Dent."}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0299594","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]],"date-time":"2024-04-17T17:41:09Z","timestamp":1713375669000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0299594"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Manoelito Ferreira","family":"Silva Junior","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0299594","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]]}}}