{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T02:19:13Z","timestamp":1784945953387,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":169,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]],"date-time":"2024-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis manifests various motor symptoms including impairments in corticospinal tract integrity, whose symptoms can be assessed using transcranial magnetic stimulation. Several factors, such as exercise and interlimb coordination, can influence the plastic changes in corticospinal tract. Previous work in healthy and chronic stroke survivors showed that the greatest improvement in corticospinal plasticity occurred during in-phase bilateral exercises of the upper limbs. Altered corticospinal plasticity due to bilateral lesions in the central nervous system is common after Multiple Sclerosis, yet the effect of in-phase bilateral exercise on the bilateral corticospinal plasticity in this cohort remains unclear. Our aim was to investigate the effects of in-phase bilateral exercises on central motor conduction time, motor evoked potential amplitude and latency, motor threshold and clinical measures in people with Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Five people were randomized and recruited in this single case concurrent multiple baseline design study. The intervention protocol lasted for 12 consecutive weeks (30\u201360 minutes \/session x 3 sessions \/ week) and included in-phase bilateral upper limb movements, adapted to different sports activities and to functional motor training. To define the functional relation between the intervention and the results, we conducted a visual analysis. If a potential sizeable effect was observed, we subsequently performed a statistical analysis.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Results demonstrated bilateral reduction of the motor threshold alongside with improvement of all clinical measures, but not in any other corticospinal plasticity measures.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Our preliminary findings suggest that in-phase bilateral exercise affects motor threshold in people with Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis. Therefore, this measure could potentially serve as a proxy for detecting corticospinal plasticity in this cohort. However, future studies with larger sample sizes should validate and potentially establish the effect of in-phase bilateral exercise on the corticospinal plasticity and clinical measures in this cohort.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec005\">\n<jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Clinical trial registration<\/jats:bold>: ClinicalTrials.gov <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT05367947\" xlink:type=\"simple\">NCT05367947<\/jats:ext-link>.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0299611","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]],"date-time":"2024-10-17T17:24:31Z","timestamp":1729185871000},"page":"e0299611","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A 12-week in-phase bilateral upper limb exercise protocol promoted neuroplastic and clinical changes in people with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis: A registered report randomized single-case concurrent multiple baseline study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7595-4349","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dimitris","family":"Sokratous","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1547-1839","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Charalambos Costa","family":"Charalambous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleni","family":"Zamba\u2014Papanicolaou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyriaki","family":"Michailidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikos","family":"Konstantinou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0299611.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.46.4.907","article-title":"Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: Results of an international survey","volume":"46","author":"FD Lublin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102162","article-title":"A literature review of cost-of-illness studies on the economic burden of multiple sclerosis.","volume":"43","author":"M Paz-Zulueta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2016-315238","article-title":"Survival and cause of death in multiple sclerosis: A 60-year longitudinal population study","volume":"88","author":"HMB Lunde","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31829a3388","article-title":"Mortality in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"81","author":"A Scalfari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1159\/000504804","article-title":"Causes that Contribute to the Excess Mortality Risk in Multiple Sclerosis: A Population-Based Study.","volume":"54","author":"E Kingwell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology."},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13819","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis\u2013a review","volume":"26","author":"R Dobson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref007","first-page":"20","article-title":"Caregiver Burden in Multiple Sclerosis: Recent Trends and Future Directions.","author":"R Maguire","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep."},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.3109\/09540261003589588","article-title":"The family of the multiple sclerosis patient: A psychosocial perspective.","volume":"22","author":"AB Kouzoupis","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Review of Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000560","article-title":"Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: The 2013 revisions","volume":"83","author":"FD Lublin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009636","article-title":"The 2013 clinical course descriptors for multiple sclerosis: A clarification","volume":"94","author":"FD Lublin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref011","first-page":"146","author":"I Kister","year":"2013","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis Symptoms"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/pri.1799","article-title":"Spasticity, gait, and balance in patients with multiple sclerosis: A cross-sectional study.","volume":"25","author":"AD Norbye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiotherapy Research International"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30277-5","article-title":"Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis: clinical management, MRI, and therapeutic avenues","volume":"19","author":"RHB Benedict","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458514540971","article-title":"Disclosure of disease status among employed multiple sclerosis patients: Association with negative work events and accommodations","volume":"21","author":"SE Frndak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis Journal"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458513488235","article-title":"Unemployment in multiple sclerosis (MS): Utility of the MS Functional Composite and cognitive testing.","volume":"20","author":"L Strober","year":"2014","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis."},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-99631-z","article-title":"Patterns and correlates of sedentary behaviour among people with multiple sclerosis: a cross-sectional study","volume":"11","author":"J Fortune","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2015.00036","article-title":"Clinical implications of neuroplasticity\u2014the role of rehabilitation in multiple sclerosis.","volume":"6","author":"P. Flachenecker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2012.179","article-title":"Neuroplasticity and functional recovery in multiple sclerosis.","volume":"8","author":"V Tomassini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref019","first-page":"15","article-title":"Neuroplasticity and Motor Rehabilitation in Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review on MRI Markers of Functional and Structural Changes.","author":"E Tavazzi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurosci."},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2017.02.006","article-title":"Quantitative measures of walking and strength provide insight into brain corticospinal tract pathology in multiple sclerosis","volume":"14","author":"NE Fritz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458515576985","article-title":"Corticospinal tract integrity is related to primary motor cortex thinning in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.","volume":"21","author":"N Bergsland","year":"2015","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref022","first-page":"6","article-title":"Neuroplasticity and motor rehabilitation in multiple sclerosis.","author":"I Lipp","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Neurol."},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e399","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000399","article-title":"Loss of corticospinal tract integrity in early MS disease stages.","volume":"4","author":"M Pawlitzki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.31.060407.125547","article-title":"Descending pathways in motor control","volume":"31","author":"RN Lemon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2010.10.016","article-title":"Neural plasticity: The biological substrate for neurorehabilitation.","volume":"2","author":"Z Warraich","year":"2010","journal-title":"PM and R"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458513512541","article-title":"Cortical plasticity predicts recovery from relapse in multiple sclerosis","volume":"20","author":"F Mori","year":"2014","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis Journal"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19112","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2536-13.2013","article-title":"Synaptic plasticity and PDGF signaling defects underlie clinical progression in multiple sclerosis","volume":"33","author":"F Mori","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(98)00095-5","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation and neuroplasticity.","volume":"37","author":"a Pascual-Leone","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia."},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2015.10.015","article-title":"Multiple measures of corticospinal excitability are associated with clinical features of multiple sclerosis","volume":"297","author":"JL Neva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behavioural Brain Research"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref030","first-page":"131","article-title":"Clinical diagnostic utility of transcranial magnetic stimulation in neurological disorders.","author":"S Vucic","year":"2023","journal-title":"Updated report of an IFCN committee. Clinical Neurophysiology. Elsevier Ireland Ltd;"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-014-4183-7","article-title":"The uses and interpretations of the motor - evoked potential for understanding behaviour.","author":"S Bestmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res."},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2007.10.014","article-title":"The clinical diagnostic utility of transcranial magnetic stimulation: Report of an IFCN committee.","volume":"119","author":"R Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clinical Neurophysiology."},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2014.05.043","article-title":"Plasticity of the motor system in multiple sclerosis","volume":"283","author":"D Zeller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002839","article-title":"Acute High-Intensity Interval Exercise Modulates Corticospinal Excitability in Older Adults.","volume":"54","author":"JL Neva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc."},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458519846096","article-title":"Beyond clinical changes: Rehabilitation-induced neuroplasticity in MS.","volume":"25","author":"L Prosperini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis Journal"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(06)57007-4","article-title":"MPK. Cortical plasticity and rehabilitation","author":"\u00c3 Moucha R","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11111499","article-title":"Effects of exercise training on neurotrophic factors and subsequent neuroprotection in persons with multiple sclerosis\u2014a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"MD Diechmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968320921836","article-title":"Systematic Review on Exercise Training as a Neuroplasticity-Inducing Behavior in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"34","author":"BM Sandroff","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13245","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182413245","article-title":"Exercise Training for Multiple Sclerosis: A Narrative Review of History, Benefits, Safety, Guidelines, and Promotion","volume":"18","author":"YC Learmonth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1249\/JES.0000000000000199","article-title":"Training-induced neural plasticity and strength are amplified after stroke","volume":"47","author":"Y Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exerc Sport Sci Rev"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2005.10.005","article-title":"Interlimb coordination following stroke","volume":"24","author":"MI Garry","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum Mov Sci"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-010-2381-5","article-title":"Cortical and behavioral adaptations in response to short-term inphase versus antiphase bimanual movement training","volume":"205","author":"AL Smith","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2002.023986","article-title":"Disinhibition in the human motor cortex is enhanced by synchronous upper limb movements","volume":"543","author":"JW Stinear","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968310380685","article-title":"Bilateral and unilateral arm training improve motor function through differing neuroplastic mechanisms: A single-blinded randomized controlled trial","volume":"25","author":"J Whitall","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2012.02.075","article-title":"Primary motor cortex excitability is modulated with bimanual training","volume":"514","author":"JL Neva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1191\/1352458505ms1163oa","article-title":"Motor cortex excitability and fatigue in multiple sclerosis: A transcranial magnetic stimulation study.","volume":"11","author":"J Liepert","year":"2005","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1552-6569.2002.tb00116.x","article-title":"Activation of pre-supplementary motor area (SMA) and SMA proper during unimanual and bimanual complex sequences: An analysis using functional magnetic resonance imaging.","volume":"12","author":"M Toyokura","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroimaging"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.9.1740","article-title":"Bilateral movement enhances ipsilesional cortical activity in acute stroke: A pilot functional MRI study [4] (multiple letters).","volume":"57","author":"ML Cuadrado","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref049","first-page":"65","article-title":"The type of exercise most beneficial for quality of life in people with multiple sclerosis: A network meta-analysis.","author":"S Reina-Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Phys Rehabil Med."},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1080\/09602011.2018.1449758","article-title":"Progressive resistance exercise training and changes in resting-state functional connectivity of the caudate in persons with multiple sclerosis and severe fatigue: A proof-of-concept study.","volume":"30","author":"N Akbar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rehabil"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2922","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-021-10935-6","article-title":"Fitness, physical activity, and exercise in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review on current evidence for interactions with disease activity and progression","volume":"269","author":"S Proschinger","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2010.93","article-title":"Cortical lesions in multiple sclerosis.","volume":"6","author":"M Calabrese","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2012.02.075","article-title":"Primary motor cortex excitability is modulated with bimanual training","volume":"514","author":"JL Neva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1097\/NPT.0000000000000187","article-title":"Single-case design, analysis, and quality assessment for intervention research","volume":"41","author":"MA Lobo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S79","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/18.Supplement_1.S79","article-title":"Measuring the functional impact of fatigue: Initial validation of the fatigue impact scale","volume":"18","author":"JD Fisk","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.03.020","article-title":"The Multiple Baseline Design for Evaluating Population-Based Research.","author":"NG Hawkins","year":"2007","journal-title":"American Journal of Preventive Medicine"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1002\/bin.191","article-title":"Recommendations for reporting multiple-baseline designs across participants.","author":"JE Carr","year":"2005","journal-title":"Behavioral Interventions."},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref058","article-title":"Single\u2010Case Design Technical Documentation.","author":"T. R. Kratochwill","year":"2010","journal-title":"What Works Clearinghouse"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280150211202","article-title":"Single subject research designs for disability research.","volume":"23","author":"S Zhan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref060","article-title":"Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: An expanded disability status scale (EDSS).","volume":"1444","author":"JF Kurtzke","year":"1983","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref061","first-page":"189","article-title":"\u201cMini-mental state\u201d. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician.","volume":"12","author":"MF Folstein","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref062","first-page":"269","article-title":"Safety and recommendations for TMS use in healthy subjects and patient populations, with updates on training, ethical and regulatory issues: Expert Guidelines.","volume":"132","author":"S Rossi","year":"2022"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.23736\/S1973-9087.17.04796-7","article-title":"Inter-and intra-rater reliability of the Modified Ashworth Scale: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"54","author":"AB Meseguer-Henarejos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Phys Rehabil Med"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2017.12.002","article-title":"Single-case experimental designs to assess intervention effectiveness in rehabilitation: A practical guide.","volume":"61","author":"A Krasny-Pacini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Phys Rehabil Med."},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520915629","article-title":"Exercise and lifestyle physical activity recommendations for people with multiple sclerosis throughout the disease course","volume":"26","author":"R Kalb","year":"2020","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis Journal"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref066","first-page":"34","article-title":"Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation techniques in sports medicine: A reassessment.","volume":"32","author":"PR Surburg","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53497-2.00031-0","article-title":"Central motor conduction time","author":"K Udupa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Elsevier B.V."},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00726","article-title":"Short-term Efficacy of Hand-Arm Bimanual Intensive Training on Upper Arm Function in Acute Stroke Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial.","volume":"8","author":"G Meng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00774.2019","article-title":"Altered corticomotor latencies but normal motor neuroplasticity in concussed athletes","volume":"123","author":"W Stokes","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2015.02.001","article-title":"Non-invasive electrical and magnetic stimulation of the brain, spinal cord, roots and peripheral nerves: Basic principles and procedures for routine clinical and research application: An updated report from an I.F.C.N. Committee.","volume":"126","author":"PM Rossini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clinical Neurophysiology."},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-6411(00)00027-4","article-title":"Development of recommendations for SEMG sensors and sensor placement procedures","volume":"10","author":"HJ Hermens","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2008.07.066","article-title":"Peripheral nerves are progressively involved in multiple sclerosis\u2014A hypothesis from a pilot study of temperature sensitized electroneurographic screening.","volume":"72","author":"E Hidasi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.06.026","article-title":"Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: A Primer","volume":"55","author":"M. Hallett","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref074","first-page":"152","article-title":"Testing the excitability of human motoneurones.","volume":"24","author":"CJ McNeil","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1100\/tsw.2007.49","article-title":"F-waves\u2014Physiology and clinical uses","volume":"7","author":"MA Fisher","year":"2007","journal-title":"ScientificWorldJournal"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2012.01.010","article-title":"A practical guide to diagnostic transcranial magnetic stimulation: Report of an IFCN committee.","volume":"123","author":"S Groppa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clinical Neurophysiology."},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1995.74.3.1037","article-title":"Modulation of muscle responses evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation during the acquisition of new fine motor skills","volume":"74","author":"A Pascual-Leone","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.02.007","article-title":"The degree of cortical plasticity correlates with cognitive performance in patients with Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"15","author":"C Balloff","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2018.04.009","article-title":"Characterizing the corticomotor connectivity of the bilateral ankle muscles during rest and isometric contraction in healthy adults","volume":"41","author":"CC Charalambous","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(94)90029-9","article-title":"Non-invasive electrical and magnetic stimulation of the brain, spinal cord, roots and peripheral nerves: Basic principles and procedures for routine clinical and research application: An updated report from an I.F.C.N. Committee.","volume":"91","author":"PM Rossini","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clinical Neurophysiology."},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref081","volume-title":"TMS and threshold hunting.","author":"F. Awiszus","year":"2003"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0186007","article-title":"Active and resting motor threshold are efficiently obtained with adaptive threshold hunting.","volume":"12","author":"CB Ah Sen","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24319","article-title":"Comparison of Rossini\u2013Rothwell and adaptive threshold-hunting methods on the stability of TMS induced motor evoked potentials amplitudes","volume":"96","author":"T Dissanayaka","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2016.02.012","article-title":"Minimum number of trials required for within- and between-session reliability of TMS measures of corticospinal excitability","volume":"320","author":"MR Goldsworthy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref085","first-page":"6430596","article-title":"Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation as a Potential Biomarker in Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review with Recommendations for Future Research.","volume":"2019","author":"NJ Snow","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-0537","article-title":"Using psychometric techniques to improve the balance evaluation systems test: The mini-bestest.","volume":"42","author":"F Franchignoni","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1191\/1352458506ms1293oa","article-title":"Tongeren H Van, S\u00f8rensen PS, Ravnborg M. The Six Spot Step Test: a new measurement for walking ability in multiple sclerosis","volume":"12","author":"MM Nieuwenhuis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis Journal"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458517745725","article-title":"Test\u2013retest agreement and reliability of the Six Spot Step Test in persons with multiple sclerosis","volume":"25","author":"J Callesen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis Journal"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-11-67","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of upper limb motor function in Multiple Sclerosis using an instrumented Action Research Arm Test.","volume":"11","author":"I Carpinella","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/76.3.248","article-title":"Normative values for isometric muscle force measurements obtained with hand-held dynamometers","volume":"76","author":"AW Andrews","year":"1996","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458517690821","article-title":"Validity of the Symbol Digit Modalities Test as a cognition performance outcome measure for multiple sclerosis.","volume":"23","author":"RHB Benedict","year":"2017","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis."},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1097\/NPT.0000000000000187","article-title":"Single-case design, analysis, and quality assessment for intervention research","volume":"41","author":"MA Lobo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref093","first-page":"195","article-title":"Indian nursing students\u2019 attitudes toward mental illness and persons with mental illness.","author":"S. Vanteemar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Department.Ind Psychiatry J"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53497-2.00027-9","article-title":"Transcranial electric and magnetic stimulation: Technique and paradigms.","volume":"116","author":"W Paulus","year":"2013","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol."},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2019.10.023","article-title":"Practice-dependent motor cortex plasticity is reduced in non-disabled multiple sclerosis patients.","volume":"131","author":"M Stampanoni Bassi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnp.2020.04.002","article-title":"Emergence of F-waves after repetitive nerve stimulation.","volume":"5","author":"S Zimnowodzki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol Pract."},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1177\/0145445504272974","article-title":"An alternative method of quantitative synthesis of single-subject researches: Percentage of data points exceeding the median.","volume":"30","author":"H-H MA","year":"2006","journal-title":"Behavior Modification."},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0272114","article-title":"Investigation of in-phase bilateral exercise effects on corticospinal plasticity in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis: A registered report single-case concurrent multiple baseline design across five subjects.","volume":"18","author":"D Sokratous","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2016.04.014","article-title":"From Natural Product to the First Oral Treatment for Multiple Sclerosis: The Discovery of FTY720 (GilenyaTM)?","volume":"32","author":"FJ Z\u00e9cri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin Chem Biol"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001462","article-title":"Long-term effects of fingolimod in multiple sclerosis: The randomized FREEDOMS extension trial","volume":"84","author":"L Kappos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-018-0568-7","article-title":"Ocrelizumab: A Review in Multiple Sclerosis.","volume":"32","author":"YY Syed","year":"2018","journal-title":"CNS Drugs."},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2014.06.005","article-title":"Teriflunomide (Aubagio\u00ae) for the treatment of multiple sclerosis.","volume":"262","author":"A. Bar-Or","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref103","first-page":"63","article-title":"Motor evoked potential response latencies demonstrate moderate correlations with height and limb length in healthy young adults","volume":"53","author":"SC Livingston","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurodiagnostic Journal"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-017-0525-8","article-title":"Sedentary Behavior Research Network (SBRN)\u2014Terminology Consensus Project process and outcome.","volume":"14","author":"MS Tremblay","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2018.00288","article-title":"Physical Activity, Inactivity, and Sedentary Behaviors: Definitions and Implications in Occupational Health.","volume":"6","author":"D Thivel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Public Health."},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(00)01054-8","article-title":"Age-predicted maximal heart rate revisited","volume":"37","author":"H Tanaka","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/s10877-010-9267-8","article-title":"The influence of gender, hand dominance, and upper extremity length on motor evoked potentials.","volume":"24","author":"SC Livingston","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Monit Comput"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24734","article-title":"Dose-response of task-specific upper limb training in people at least 6 months post stroke: A Phase II, single-blind, randomized, controlled trial.","volume":"80","author":"JCatherine E Lang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.1980.10609285","article-title":"The Transition from Aerobic to Anaerobic Metabolism.","volume":"51","author":"JS Skinner","year":"1980","journal-title":"Res Q Exerc Sport"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref110","first-page":"109","article-title":"A New Approach to Monitoring Exercise Training.","volume":"15","author":"C FOSTER","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res."},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.12.019","article-title":"Functional relevance of resistance training-induced neuroplasticity in health and disease.","volume":"122","author":"T Hortob\u00e1gyi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831819","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.831819","article-title":"The Combined Influences of Exercise, Diet and Sleep on Neuroplasticity.","volume":"26","author":"JW Pickersgill","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1097\/NPT.0000000000000187","article-title":"Single-case design, analysis, and quality assessment for intervention research","volume":"41","author":"MA Lobo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2003.11.024","article-title":"Brain excitability changes in the relapsing and remitting phases of multiple sclerosis: A study with transcranial magnetic stimulation","volume":"115","author":"MD Caramia","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref115","first-page":"147","volume":"406","author":"M. Hallett","year":"2000","journal-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation and the human brain"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2018.09.002","article-title":"The effect of transcranial magnetic stimulation test intensity on the amplitude, variability and reliability of motor evoked potentials","volume":"1700","author":"M Pellegrini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4927(01)00121-4","article-title":"The navigation of transcranial magnetic stimulation.","volume":"108","author":"U Herwig","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4115","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2014.274316","article-title":"Corticospinal activity evoked and modulated by non-invasive stimulation of the intact human motor cortex","volume":"592","author":"V Di Lazzaro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref119","first-page":"0","article-title":"Loss of corticospinal tract integrity in early MS disease stages.","author":"M Pawlitzki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology-Neuroimmunology Neuroinflammation."},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000038744.30298.D4","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation techniques in clinical investigation","volume":"59","author":"A. Curr\u00e0","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref121","volume-title":"Handbook of Clinical Neurophysiology","author":"KR Mills","year":"2004"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1007\/s11845-011-0722-4","article-title":"Intra subject variation and correlation of motor potentials evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation.","volume":"180","author":"K Roy Choudhury","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ir J Med Sci"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.03.002","article-title":"A novel model incorporating two variability sources for describing motor evoked potentials","volume":"7","author":"SM Goetz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-5597(91)90009-M","article-title":"\u201cExcitability\u201d changes of muscular responses to magnetic brain stimulation in patients with central motor disorders.","volume":"81","author":"MD Caramia","year":"1991","journal-title":"Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology\/ Evoked Potentials."},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(02)00144-X","article-title":"Variation in the response to transcranial magnetic brain stimulation in the general population","volume":"113","author":"EM Wassermann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-016-1274-1","article-title":"Transcallosal connectivity of the human cortical motor network","volume":"222","author":"KL Ruddy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Struct Funct"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-2008-23104","article-title":"Bilateral arm training: Why and who benefits?","volume":"23","author":"S McCombe Waller","year":"2008","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation."},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2007.12.033","article-title":"Intracortical inhibition and facilitation with unilateral dominant, unilateral nondominant and bilateral movement tasks in left- and right-handed adults","volume":"269","author":"S McCombe Waller","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-021-00947-8","article-title":"Resting motor threshold in the course of hand motor recovery after stroke: a systematic review","volume":"18","author":"J Veldema","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2011.11.005","article-title":"Plasticity of motor threshold and motor-evoked potential amplitude\u2014A model of intrinsic and synaptic plasticity in human motor cortex?","volume":"5","author":"I Delvendahl","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2006.02.005","article-title":"Reliability of motor cortex transcranial magnetic stimulation in four muscle representations.","volume":"117","author":"MP Malcolm","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clinical Neurophysiology."},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2006.05.030","article-title":"Suppression of the non-dominant motor cortex during bimanual symmetric finger movement: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"141","author":"Y Aramaki","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2004.01.014","article-title":"Handedness is mainly associated with an asymmetry of corticospinal excitability and not of transcallosal inhibition.","volume":"115","author":"L De Gennaro","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clinical Neurophysiology."},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2005.04.001","article-title":"Neural plasticity and bilateral movements: A rehabilitation approach for chronic stroke","volume":"75","author":"JH Cauraugh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1097\/00004691-200403000-00008","article-title":"Rhythmic bilateral movement training modulates corticomotor excitability and enhances upper limb motricity poststroke: A pilot study","volume":"21","author":"JW Stinear","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.292.15.1853","article-title":"Repetitive Bilateral Arm Training and Motor Cortex Activation in Chronic Stroke A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"292","author":"AR Luft","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2020.00255","article-title":"Aerobic Exercise Induces Functional and Structural Reorganization of CNS Networks in Multiple Sclerosis: A Randomized Controlled Trial.","volume":"14","author":"JP Stellmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci."},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11111499","article-title":"Effects of exercise training on neurotrophic factors and subsequent neuroprotection in persons with multiple sclerosis\u2014a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"MD Diechmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijchp.2022.100333","article-title":"A single bout of aerobic exercise modulates motor learning performance and cortical excitability in humans","volume":"23","author":"HI Kuo","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref140","first-page":"1","article-title":"Aerobic exercise and action observation priming modulate functional connectivity.","volume":"18","author":"JI Mark","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref141","first-page":"527","article-title":"Progressive multiple sclerosis: from pathogenic mechanisms to treatment","volume":"140","author":"J Correale","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines7010014","article-title":"Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration and Axonal Dysfunction in Progressive Multiple Sclerosis.","volume":"7","author":"J Correale","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458515587598","article-title":"Neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis is a process separate from inflammation","volume":"21","author":"C Louapre","year":"2015","journal-title":"Yes. Multiple Sclerosis"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.30.051606.094313","article-title":"Multiple Sclerosis: An Immune or Neurodegenerative Disorder","volume":"31","author":"BD Trapp","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref145","first-page":"65","article-title":"The type of exercise most beneficial for quality of life in people with multiple sclerosis: A network meta-analysis.","author":"S Reina-Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Phys Rehabil Med."},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-020-0355-1","article-title":"Treatment and management of cognitive dysfunction in patients with multiple sclerosis.","volume":"16","author":"J DeLuca","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520915629","article-title":"Exercise and lifestyle physical activity recommendations for people with multiple sclerosis throughout the disease course","volume":"26","author":"R Kalb","year":"2020","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis Journal"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.389359","article-title":"Physical exercise and synaptic protection in human and pre-clinical models of multiple sclerosis.","author":"F Azzolini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neural Regeneration Research. Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458514525677","article-title":"Assessing upper limb function in multiple sclerosis","volume":"20","author":"I Lamers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis Journal"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-141144","article-title":"Benefits of an intensive task-oriented circuit training in Multiple Sclerosis patients with mild disability.","volume":"35","author":"C Chisari","year":"2014","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref151","first-page":"1","article-title":"Circuit Training Can Have Positive Impact on Muscle Strength, Balance, Depression and Fatigue in Multiple Sclerosis Patients: A Randomized Controlled Study.","volume":"1","author":"K Novotna","year":"2019","journal-title":"United Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation."},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-016-9324-2","article-title":"Systematic, Evidence-Based Review of Exercise, Physical Activity, and Physical Fitness Effects on Cognition in Persons with Multiple Sclerosis.","volume":"26","author":"BM Sandroff","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev."},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.02.018","article-title":"Motor assessment of upper extremity function and its relation with fatigue, cognitive function and quality of life in multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"246","author":"N Yozbatiran","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.21619","article-title":"Manual dexterity in young and healthy older adults. 1. Age- and gender-related differences in unimanual and bimanual performance.","volume":"60","author":"O Vasylenko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev Psychobiol"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.21618","article-title":"Manual dexterity in young and healthy older adults. 2. Association with cognitive abilities","volume":"60","author":"O Vasylenko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev Psychobiol."},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00245","article-title":"How Age, Cognitive Function and Gender Affect Bimanual Force Control.","volume":"11","author":"J Rudisch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Physiol."},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103353","article-title":"Information processing speed as a prognostic marker of physical impairment and progression in patients with multiple sclerosis.","volume":"57","author":"S Hechenberger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2012.08.007","article-title":"Fatigue in multiple sclerosis\u2014A brief review","volume":"323","author":"I Induruwa","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813965","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.813965","article-title":"Fatigue in Multiple Sclerosis: A Review of the Exploratory and Therapeutic Potential of Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation.","volume":"13","author":"SS Ayache","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref160","first-page":"1","article-title":"The impact of physical exercise on the fatigue symptoms in patients with multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta- analysis.","author":"N Razazian","year":"2020"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2009.10.003","article-title":"Navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation does not decrease the variability of motor-evoked potentials","volume":"3","author":"NH Jung","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref162","first-page":"1","article-title":"Motor function in multiple sclerosis assessed by navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation mapping","volume":"6","author":"B Bardel","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref163","first-page":"7","article-title":"A Higher Number of TMS-Elicited MEP from a Combined Hotspot Improves Intra- and Inter-Session Reliability of the Upper Limb Muscles in Healthy Individuals.","author":"A Bastani","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10050297","article-title":"Stimulus intensity affects variability of motor evoked responses of the non-paretic, but not paretic tibialis anterior muscle in stroke","volume":"10","author":"A Sivaramakrishnan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.01020","article-title":"Does resting motor threshold predict motor hand recovery after stroke?","volume":"9","author":"C Rosso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neurol."},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2015.06.014","article-title":"The use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in diagnosis, prognostication and treatment evaluation in multiple sclerosis.","volume":"4","author":"M Simpson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref167","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cortical Excitability and Interhemispheric Connectivity in Early Relapsing\u2013Remitting Multiple Sclerosis Studied With TMS-EEG.","volume":"12","author":"CM Zipser","year":"2018"},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2010.09.005","article-title":"Clinical Neurophysiology Threshold curves for transcranial magnetic stimulation to improve reliability of motor pathway status assessment.","volume":"122","author":"P Julkunen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clinical Neurophysiology."},{"key":"pone.0299611.ref169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1097\/01.yct.0000235924.60364.27","article-title":"A Standardized Motor Threshold Estimation Procedure for Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Research.","volume":"22","author":"J. Dennis","year":"2006","journal-title":"J ECT."}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0299611","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]],"date-time":"2024-10-17T17:25:20Z","timestamp":1729185920000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0299611"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Tanja","family":"Grubi\u0107 Kezele","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]]},"references-count":169,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0299611","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]]}}}