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Thus, in this study, we explore the effects of photobiomodulation (PBM; a non-invasive therapy) and Idebenone (IDE) treatment (a potent antioxidant), applied alone or in association, in dystrophic muscle cells and the quadriceps muscle, with special focus on autophagy and regenerative pathways.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>For the <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> studies, the dystrophic primary muscle cells received 0.5J LEDT and 0.06\u03bcM IDE; and for the <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> studies, the dystrophic quadriceps muscle received 3J LEDT and the mdx mice were treated with 200mg\/kg IDE.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>LEDT and IDE treatment modulate autophagy by increasing autophagy markers (SQSTM1\/p62, Beclin and Parkin) and signaling pathways (AMPK and TGF-\u03b2). Concomitantly, the treatments prevented muscle degeneration by reducing the number of IgG-positive fibers and the fibers with a central nucleus; decreasing the fibrotic area; up-regulating the myogenin and MCH-slow levels; and down-regulating the MyoD and MHC-fast levels.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>These results suggest that LEDT and IDE treatments enhance autophagy and prevented muscle degeneration in the dystrophic muscle of the experimental model. These findings illustrate the potential efficacy of LEDT and IDE treatment as an alternative therapy focused on muscle recovery in the dystrophic patient.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0300006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]],"date-time":"2024-03-18T17:38:49Z","timestamp":1710783529000},"page":"e0300006","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["LEDT and Idebenone treatment modulate autophagy and improve regenerative capacity in the dystrophic muscle through an AMPK-pathway"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Heloina Nathalli\u00ea Mariano da","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evelyn Mendes","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Val\u00e9ria 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