{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T09:01:34Z","timestamp":1767085294626,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]],"date-time":"2024-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712793600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"SingHealth Services Singapore","award":["Singhealth ACP fund"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Singhealth ACP fund"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin D plays an essential role in bone and mineral metabolism. There is increased interest in understanding prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy as many studies report association of low vitamin D levels with obstetric complications and neonatal sequelae. There is a paucity of studies in Singapore evaluating levels of vitamin D levels during the first trimester of pregnancies. We aim to study the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in this population. Our study assessed vitamin D levels in these women. Vitamin D (Plasma 25(OH)D concentration) levels in multiracial women during the first trimester were collected via venepuncture at their booking antenatal visit. They were stratified into sufficient \u226530ng\/ml, insufficient \u226520ng\/ml and &lt;30ng\/ml, moderately deficient \u226510ng\/ml and &lt;20ng\/ml and severely deficient &lt;10ng\/ml. 93 women were included in this study. Only 2.2% of our study population had sufficient vitamin D levels. In women who had insufficient levels, the heavier the weight, the more likely to be vitamin D deficient. Interestingly, we also note that the older the patient, the less likely they are to be deficient. In women with periconceptual multivitamin supplementation, the average vitamin D level for those with supplementation was 2.10ng\/ml higher than those without. Majority of patients were recruited from a single study member\u2019s patient pool who were mostly Chinese. Prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency in general obstetric patients with higher BMI and darker skinned patients may be even lower in Singapore. The high prevalence of Vitamin D insufficiency in our patients prove that it is a prominent problem in our population. We aim to implement screening of vitamin D levels as part of antenatal investigations in the first trimester and recommend supplementation as required. We also hope to evaluate the association of low vitamin D levels with obstetric or neonatal complications further understanding its implications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0300063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]],"date-time":"2024-04-11T20:04:40Z","timestamp":1712865880000},"page":"e0300063","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in early pregnancies\u2013 a Singapore study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2713-0655","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chua Zu\u2019Er","family":"Amelia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chan Hiu","family":"Gwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tan Shu","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John Tee Chee","family":"Seng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0300063.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.05.002","article-title":"The effect of vitamin D on bone and osteoporosis","volume":"25","author":"P Lips","year":"2011","journal-title":"Best practice & research Clinical endocrinology & metabolism"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0300063.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra070553","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency","volume":"357","author":"MF Holick","year":"2007","journal-title":"New England journal of medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0300063.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2010.04.001","article-title":"Vitamin D: modulator of the immune system","volume":"10","author":"F Baeke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Current opinion in pharmacology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0300063.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2007.11.006","article-title":"Vitamin D, glucose, insulin, and insulin sensitivity","volume":"24","author":"K Tai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0300063.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3517","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-0718","article-title":"Maternal vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of preeclampsia","volume":"92","author":"LM Bodnar","year":"2007","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0300063.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.737","article-title":"Correlation between vitamin D3 deficiency and insulin resistance in pregnancy","volume":"24","author":"Z Maghbooli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes\/metabolism research and reviews"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0300063.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2008.10.006","article-title":"Vitamin D intake during pregnancy: association with maternal characteristics and infant birth weight","volume":"85","author":"TO Scholl","year":"2009","journal-title":"Early human development"},{"issue":"8263","key":"pone.0300063.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(82)90214-8","article-title":"Increased skin pigment reduces the capacity of skin to synthesise vitamin D3","volume":"319","author":"T Clemens","year":"1982","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0300063.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/137.2.447","article-title":"High prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in black and white pregnant women residing in the northern United States and their neonates","volume":"137","author":"LM Bodnar","year":"2007","journal-title":"The Journal of nutrition"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0300063.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/84.2.350","article-title":"High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in pregnant non-Western women in The Hague, Netherlands1, 2","volume":"84","author":"IM van der Meer","year":"2006","journal-title":"The American journal of clinical nutrition"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0300063.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3427","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7053427","article-title":"High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in pregnant Korean women: the first trimester and the winter season as risk factors for vitamin D deficiency","volume":"7","author":"R Choi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"pone.0300063.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e318227f06b","article-title":"Vitamin D: screening and supplementation during pregnancy. 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