{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T09:59:27Z","timestamp":1792144767977,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]],"date-time":"2024-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019224","name":"King Faisal University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["grant: 3,680"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant: 3,680"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019224","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Heat waves significantly impact people\u2019s lives and livelihoods and are becoming very alarming and recognized as hot topics worldwide, including in Bangladesh. However, much less is understood regarding recent hotspots, the frequency of heat waves over time, and their underlying causes in Bangladesh. The objective of the study is to explore the current scenario and frequency of heat waves and their possible causes across Bangladesh. The Mann-Kendall and Sen\u2019s slope techniques were used to determine seasonal and annual temperature trend patterns of heat wave frequencies. Daily maximum temperature datasets collected from the Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD) during 1991\u20132021 are applied. The frequency of days with Tmax\u2265 36\u00b0C as the threshold was used to compute different types of heat waves based on the BMD\u2019s operational definition. The results show that the mild heat wave (MHW) days followed the subsequent hotspot order: Rajshahi (103) &gt; Chuadanga (79), Ishurdi (60), and Jessore (58), respectively. The frequency of days with Tmax\u226536\u00b0C was persistence for many days in 2014, especially in the western part of Bangladesh compared to other parts. Similarly, the heat waves condition shown its deadliest event by increasing more days in 2021. The highest increasing trend was identified at the Patuakhali site, with a rate of 0.516 days\/year, while the highest decreasing trend was noticed at the Chuadanga site, with a rate of -0.588 days\/year. The frequency of days (Tmax\u226536\u00b0C) is an increasing trend in the south-western part of Bangladesh. The synoptic condition in and around Bangladesh demonstrates that the entrance of heat waves in Bangladesh is due to the advection of higher temperatures from the south\/southwest of the Bay of Bengal. The outcomes will guide the national appraisal of heatwave effects, shedding light on the primary causes of definite heatwave phenomena, which are crucial for developing practical adaptation tools.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0300070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]],"date-time":"2024-05-22T17:35:23Z","timestamp":1716399323000},"page":"e0300070","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Are hotspots and frequencies of heat waves changing over time? Exploring causes of heat waves in a tropical country"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Md. Mostafizar","family":"Rahman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. Abdul","family":"Mannan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0028-9775","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Md. Sujahangir Kabir","family":"Sarkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5000-5908","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Muhammad Abul Kalam","family":"Mallik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Afruza","family":"Sultana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. Kamrul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mst Yeasmin","family":"Akter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edris","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5779-1382","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Abu Reza Md. Towfiqul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0300070.ref001","first-page":"32","volume-title":"Global Warming of 1.5\u00b0C. An IPCC Special Report on the Impacts of Global Warming of 1.5\u00b0C above Preindustrial Levels and Related Global Greenhouse Gas Emission Pathways, in the Context of Strengthening the Global Response to the Threat of Climate Change, Sustainable Development, and Efforts to Eradicate Poverty","author":"IPCC","year":"2018"},{"key":"pone.0300070.ref002","first-page":"59","article-title":"The development of a heat wave vulnerability index for London, United Kingdom.Weather Clim.Extrem","volume":"1","author":"T. Wolf","year":"2013"},{"key":"pone.0300070.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2623","article-title":"208. Heat stress causes substantial labour productivity loss in Australia.","volume":"5","author":"K. Zander","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Change"},{"key":"pone.0300070.ref004","article-title":"Heat wave and mortality: a multicountry, multicommunity study","volume":"125","author":"Y. Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect"},{"key":"pone.0300070.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39581","DOI":"10.1038\/srep39581","article-title":"Heat-related hospitalizations in older adults: an amplified effect of the first seasonal heatwave","volume":"7","author":"A. Liss","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"key":"pone.0300070.ref006","first-page":"09027","article-title":"Heat wave intensity and daily mortality in four of the largest cities of Spain","volume":"182","author":"D Roy\u00b4e","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Res"},{"key":"pone.0300070.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2018.08.017","article-title":"Heatwave and health impact research: A global review","volume":"53","author":"S. Campbell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health & Place"},{"key":"pone.0300070.ref008","first-page":"180206","article-title":"GHWR, a multi\u2012method global heatwave and warm\u2012spell record and toolbox.Sci","volume":"5","author":"E. Raei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Data"},{"key":"pone.0300070.ref009","first-page":"2653","article-title":"Defining and Predicting Heat Waves in Bangladesh","volume":"56","author":"H. Nissan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Meteorology"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0300070.ref010","first-page":"44","article-title":"Study on Heat Wave and its Thermodynamic features over Bangladesh using Numerical Weather Prediction Model (NWPM).","volume":"4","author":"K.F. Lubna","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Science and Business"},{"key":"pone.0300070.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.321.7262.670","article-title":"Heat related mortality in warm and cold regions of Europe: observational study","volume":"321","author":"W R Keatinge","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"pone.0300070.ref012","article-title":"Climate and mortality in Australia: retrospective study, 1979\u20131990 and predicted impacts in five major cities in 2030","volume":"8","author":"C S Guest","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clim Res 13:1\u20138. 13."},{"key":"pone.0300070.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)78823-1","article-title":"Indian heat wave and rains results in massive death toll","volume":"351","author":"S Kumar","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pone.0300070.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)90341-0","article-title":"Temperature extremes and mortality from coronary heart disease and cerebral infarction in elderly Chinese","volume":"345","author":"H Pan W","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pone.0300070.ref015","unstructured":"UNISDR, USAID, and Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters, 208: 208 disasters in numbers. Infographic, 2 pp., http:\/\/www.unisdr.org\/files\/47804_208disastertrendsinfographic.pdf."},{"key":"pone.0300070.ref016","volume-title":"Climate of Bangladesh. Studies in Bangladesh Geography","author":"S. Huq","year":"1974"},{"issue":"20","key":"pone.0300070.ref017","first-page":"33","article-title":"Patterns of climate change and its impacts in northwestern Bangladesh","volume":"10","author":"S. Karmakar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Engineering science"},{"key":"pone.0300070.ref018","first-page":"402","article-title":"Increase of heat index over Bangladesh: impact of climate change","volume":"58","author":"M.A. Rajib","year":"2011","journal-title":"World Acad. Sci. Eng. Technol"},{"key":"pone.0300070.ref019","volume-title":"Enhancing disaster resilience through human capital: prospects for adaptation to cyclones in coastal Bangladesh (Doctoral dissertation)","author":"A. Al-Maruf","year":"2017"},{"key":"pone.0300070.ref020","article-title":"Appraising the historical and projected spatiotemporal changes in the heat index in Bangladesh","author":"B Rahman M","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theoretical and Applied climatology"},{"key":"pone.0300070.ref021","first-page":"1","article-title":"Anatomy of Indian heat waves, Scientific Reports","author":"J.V. Ratnam","year":"2016"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0300070.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.54302\/mausam.v64i4.742","article-title":"Long term climatology and trends of heat waves over India during the recent 50 years (1961\u20132010)","volume":"64","author":"D.S. Pai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mausam"},{"key":"pone.0300070.ref023","first-page":"2, 024005","article-title":"208. Changes in observed climate extremes in global urban areas","volume":"10","author":"V. Mishra","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0300070.ref024","first-page":"1","article-title":"Increasing heat waves and warm spells in India, observed from a multiaspect framework","volume":"122","author":"D. K. Panda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal Geographical Research: Atmosphere"},{"issue":"124012","key":"pone.0300070.ref025","first-page":"1","article-title":"Heat wave exposure in India in current, 1.5\u00b0C, and 2.0\u00b0C worlds","volume":"12","author":"V. Mitra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"pone.0300070.ref026","first-page":"1308","article-title":"Severe heat wave over Indian subcontinent in 1998 in a perspective of global climate","volume":"75","author":"U. S. De","year":"1998","journal-title":"Current Science"},{"key":"pone.0300070.ref027","first-page":"569","article-title":"Intensification of future severe heat waves in India and their effect on heat stress and mortality","volume":"8","author":"K. Murari","journal-title":"Regional Environmental Change"},{"key":"pone.0300070.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7707","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-07956-5","article-title":"The role of local heating in the 208 Indian Heat Wave","volume":"7","author":"D. Ghatak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0300070.ref029","first-page":"2, 024005","article-title":"Changes in observed climate extremes in global urban areas","volume":"10","author":"V. Mishra","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett"},{"key":"pone.0300070.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.3370130703","article-title":"Arrival and withdrawal dates of the summer monsoon in Bangladesh.","volume":"13","author":"R. Ahmed","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"pone.0300070.ref031","first-page":"81","volume-title":"Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","author":"IPCC","year":"2014"},{"key":"pone.0300070.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crm.2020.100213","article-title":"Targeted model evaluations for climate services: A case study on heat waves in Bangladesh","volume":"28","author":"H. Nissan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Climate Risk Management"},{"key":"pone.0300070.ref033","first-page":"4","article-title":"How households adapt to heat wave for livable habitat? A case of medium-sized city in Bangladesh","volume":"10089","author":"S. Tawsif","year":"2022","journal-title":"Current Research in Environmental Sustainability"},{"key":"pone.0300070.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wace.2022.100544","article-title":"Spatiotemporal analysis of temperature and precipitation extremes over Bangladesh using a novel gridded observational dataset","volume":"39","author":"H.M. Imran","year":"2023","journal-title":"Weather and Climate Extremes"},{"key":"pone.0300070.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2021.102926","article-title":"Surface urban heat island intensity in five major cities of Bangladesh: Patterns, drivers and trends","volume":"71","author":"A. Dewan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustainable Cities and Society"},{"key":"pone.0300070.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161883","article-title":"More frequent, persistent, and deadly heat waves in the 21st century over the Eastern Mediterranean","volume":"870","author":"M Wedler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science of The Total Environment"},{"issue":"690","key":"pone.0300070.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.06.529","article-title":"Are precipitation concentration and intensity changing in Bangladesh overtimes? Analysis of the possible causes of changes in precipitation systems","volume":"7.96","author":"M.S. Rahman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"pone.0300070.ref038","article-title":"Climate change and Bangladesh","volume":"294","author":"S. Huq","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pone.0300070.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2018.01.099","article-title":"Children\u2019s perspective on adaptation to heat waves and heavy precipitation in Dhaka, Bangladesh","volume":"212","author":"S.A. Ashraf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Procedia Engineering"},{"key":"pone.0300070.ref040","article-title":"Future Changes of Summer Monsoon Rainfall and Temperature Over Bangladesh Using 27 CMIP6 Models","author":"A. Bhattacharjee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Geocarto International"},{"key":"pone.0300070.ref041","author":"Khandakar Mahmud","year":"2018","journal-title":"Development of Climate Classification Map for Bangladesh Based on Koppen\u2019s Climate Classification"},{"key":"pone.0300070.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1080\/02626667909491867","article-title":"Pre-monsoon rainfall and its variability in Bangladesh: A trend surface analysis","volume":"24","author":"M. Sanderson","year":"1979","journal-title":"Hydrol. Sci. Bull."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0300070.ref043","first-page":"145","article-title":"The Behavior of climatic parameters over Rangpur division","volume":"7","author":"Mostafiz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dew Drop"},{"key":"pone.0300070.ref044","first-page":"501","article-title":"Global risk of deadly heat Nat.","volume":"7","author":"C. Mora","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"pone.0300070.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1996)077<0437:TNYRP>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The NCEP\/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project, Bull","volume":"77","author":"Kalnay","year":"1996","journal-title":"Amer. Meteor. Soc."},{"key":"pone.0300070.ref046","first-page":"1077","article-title":"Climate induced rice yield anomalies linked to large-scale atmospheric circulation in Bangladesh using multi-statistical modeling, Theoretical and Applied climatology","volume":"144","author":"B Ghose","year":"2021","journal-title":"TheorApplClimatol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0300070.ref047","first-page":"1084","article-title":"Anthropogenic emissions and urbanization increase risk of compound hot extremes in cities. Nature.Clim","volume":"11","author":"J. Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Change"},{"key":"pone.0300070.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021GL095590","DOI":"10.1029\/2021GL095590","article-title":"Prolonged marine heatwaves in the Arctic: 1982\u22122020","volume":"48","author":"B. Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geophysical Research Letters"},{"key":"pone.0300070.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos12030292","article-title":"Heatwaves and Summer Urban Heat Islands: A Daily Cycle Approach to Unveil the Urban Thermal Signal Changes in Lisbon, Portugal.","volume":"12","author":"A. Oliveira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmosphere"},{"key":"pone.0300070.ref050","article-title":"Projected changes in heat wave characteristics in the eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East","author":"G. Zittis","journal-title":"Reg Environ Change"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0300070.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.15421\/2020_211","article-title":"(2020) Effect of climate change on heat waves in the South Sea of Iran","volume":"10","author":"J. Safieh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ukrainian Journal of Ecology"},{"key":"pone.0300070.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.1874","article-title":"Recent severe heat waves in central Europe: how to view them in a long-term prospect?","volume":"30","author":"J Kysel\u00b4y","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol"},{"key":"pone.0300070.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03732-9","article-title":"Longer and more frequent marine heatwaves over the past century","volume":"9","author":"E. C. J. Oliver","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"pone.0300070.ref054","article-title":"Heat waves in spring from Senegal to Sahel: Evolution under climate change","author":"M.G. Sambou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol"},{"key":"pone.0300070.ref055","first-page":"03828","article-title":"Spatiotemporal trends of temperature extremes in Bangladesh under changing climate using multi-statistical techniques","author":"J Mallick","year":"2022","journal-title":"Theoretical and Applied climatology"},{"key":"pone.0300070.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2011.03.008","article-title":"Heat wave impact on mor-bidity and mortality in the elderly population: a review of recentstudies","volume":"69","author":"m DO Astr\u00f6","year":"2011","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"pone.0300070.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2021.105840","article-title":"Spatiotemporal changes and modulations of extreme climatic indices in monsoon-dominated climate region linkage with large-scale atmospheric oscillation","volume":"264","author":"HMT Islam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmospheric Research"},{"key":"pone.0300070.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-013-0668-5","article-title":"An analysis of heat effects in different subpopulations of Bangladesh","volume":"58","author":"K. Burkart","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeor."},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0300070.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1007\/s10236-021-01445-0","article-title":"Record-breaking warming in the Kamchatka Current halocline","volume":"71","author":"K. Rogachev","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ocean Dynamics"},{"key":"pone.0300070.ref060","first-page":"83","article-title":"Human bioclimate and thermal stress in the megacity of Dhaka, Bangladesh: Application and evaluation of thermophysiological indices","author":"K. Burkart","year":"2011","journal-title":"Health in Megacities and Urban Areas"},{"key":"pone.0300070.ref061","article-title":"Changes in regional wet heatwave in Eurasia during summer (1979\u20132017).","volume":"16","author":"S Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environmental Research Letters"},{"key":"pone.0300070.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2020EF001716","article-title":"Future risks of unprecedented compound heat waves over three vast urban agglomerations in china.","volume":"8","author":"J. Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Earths. Future"},{"key":"pone.0300070.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1029\/2018EF000989","article-title":"Temporally compound heat wave events and global warming: an emerging hazard","volume":"7","author":"J.W. Baldwin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Earths Future"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0300070","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]],"date-time":"2024-05-22T17:36:02Z","timestamp":1716399362000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0300070"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Salim","family":"Heddam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0300070","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]]}}}