{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T06:34:33Z","timestamp":1784874873730,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"British Law Enforcement Service"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"\n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n Law enforcement agencies require minimum fitness standards to safeguard their officers and training staff. Firearms instructors (FI) are expected to maintain the same standards as their operational counterparts. This study aimed to quantify the daily physiological demands placed on FI.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n 19 FI (45 \u00b1 5 years) completed occupational tasks whilst wearing heart rate (HR) monitors for a minimum 10 days. Maximal oxygen consumption (VO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n max) testing was conducted on FI during a treadmill test (TT) and a multistage shuttle test (ST). Linear regression models were used to model the relationship between VO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n and HR throughout the TT. This model was applied to HR data from occupational tasks to infer oxygen consumption. Repeated Measures ANOVAs were used to compare time spent in VO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n max equivalent zones throughout.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n The VO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n max achieved during ST (45.1 \u00b1 5.6 ml\/kg\/min) was significantly higher than TT (39 \u00b1 3 ml\/kg\/min) (p = 0.014). Time to exhaustion (TTE) was sooner on ST (06:26 min) compared to TT (13:16 min) (p < .001). FI spent ~85% of occupational time with an oxygen demand \u226420 ml\/kg\/min (p < .005). The most intense occupational tasks saw FI achieve VO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n max \u226530 ml\/kg\/min, but <40 ml\/kg\/min.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n \n Using ST to assess cardiorespiratory fitness resulted in a quicker TTE and a higher VO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n max. Predominantly, FI occupational tasks are low intensity with sporadic exposures requiring a VO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n max of >40 ml\/kg\/min. To safeguard FI from occupational-related cardiorespiratory or long-term health issues, it is intuitive to suggest fitness standards should exceed a VO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n max of 40 ml\/kg\/min.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0300161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T13:43:52Z","timestamp":1736775832000},"page":"e0300161","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Cardiorespiratory demands of firearms training instruction and 15m shuttle tests in British law enforcement"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6102-5314","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joseph","family":"Warwick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flaminia","family":"Ronca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0300161.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cdnut.2022.100020","article-title":"Relationship between body mass index and health and occupational performance among law enforcement officers, firefighters, and military personnel: A systematic review","volume":"7","author":"TE Sergi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Dev Nutr"},{"key":"pone.0300161.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqs077","article-title":"Overweight and obesity in UK firefighters","volume":"62","author":"F Munir","year":"2012","journal-title":"Occup Med (Chic Ill)"},{"key":"pone.0300161.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-021-01761-4","article-title":"Development of muscle mass and body fat reference curves for white male UK firefighters","volume":"95","author":"GR Lessons","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int Arch Occup Environ Health"},{"key":"pone.0300161.ref004","volume-title":"Waite. 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