{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T12:28:25Z","timestamp":1753273705689,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]],"date-time":"2024-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52272319"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52272319"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The bilateral Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system is a kind of BRT system in which the stops are located in the middle of the transit lane. By simultaneously serving transit lines in opposite directions, it is particularly designed to save space resources and enhance service quality. To improve the operational efficiency of the bilateral BRT, this paper optimizes the operational performance of bilateral BRT with elastic demand. The objective is to minimize the generalized time cost per passenger of the system by jointly optimizing the headway and number of stops of bilateral BRT. The cost includes the agency operating and user travel. The optimal design model is formulated as a mixed-integer program and solved using a fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) and a genetic algorithm (GA). We conduct a case study and sensitivity analysis to show the effectiveness and reliability of the proposed approach. We conclude that the optimized minimum generalized cost per passenger is lower than the actual case for all demand levels, especially at off-peak hours, by about 22.5%. In addition, we find that the weights of agency and user costs have the most significant impact on headway, whereas the influence of walking, vehicle speed, and route length is minimal. In contrast, the optimal number of BRT stops is mostly influenced by the route length, and walking speed has essentially no effect on the optimal number of stops. Finally, we find that the generalized cost per passenger at peak hours is 10% to 15% smaller than at off-peak hours in various scenarios.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0300286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]],"date-time":"2024-03-13T17:27:48Z","timestamp":1710350868000},"page":"e0300286","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Joint optimization of headway and number of stops for bilateral bus rapid transit"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1345-627X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rongrong","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5286-866X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Francisco","family":"Antunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4447-0488","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jingcai","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2346-1315","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wenquan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0300286.ref001","unstructured":"Institute for Transportation and Development Policy (ITDP). The BRT standard. 2016."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0300286.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1080\/01441647.2010.492455","article-title":"Recent Developments in Bus Rapid Transit: A Review of the Literature","volume":"31","author":"T Deng","year":"2011","journal-title":"TRANSP REV"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0300286.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5038\/2375-0901.18.1.3","article-title":"A worldwide state-of-the-art analysis for bus rapid transit: Looking for the success formula","volume":"18","author":"A Nikitas","year":"2015","journal-title":"J PUBL TRANSP"},{"key":"pone.0300286.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eap.2020.07.004","article-title":"Performance contributors of bus rapid transit systems: An ordered choice approach","volume":"67","author":"Z Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"ECON ANALY POL"},{"journal-title":"Bus rapid transit","author":"HS Levinson","key":"pone.0300286.ref005"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0300286.ref006","first-page":"44","article-title":"Considerations for median BRT on arterial roads. Institute of Transportation Engineers","volume":"81","author":"S. Rathwell","year":"2003","journal-title":"ITE J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0300286.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3141\/2034-06","article-title":"Applicability of TransMilenio bus rapid transit system of Bogot\u00e1, Colombia, to the United States","volume":"2034","author":"A Cain","year":"2007","journal-title":"TRANSP RES REC"},{"key":"pone.0300286.ref008","unstructured":"Deng TT, Nelson JD. Analysis of an efficient urban transport system: lessons learned from Beijing Southern Axis Bus Rapid Transit Line 1. ln: Proceedings of the 14th Hong Kong Society for Transport Studies (HKSTS) International Conference on Transportation and Geography; 2009. p. 719\u2013727."},{"key":"pone.0300286.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01531","article-title":"Psychosocial Work Factors, Job Stress and Strain at the Wheel: Validation of the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (COPSOQ) in Professional Drivers","volume":"10","author":"SA Useche","year":"2019","journal-title":"FRONT IN PSYCHOL"},{"key":"pone.0300286.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22821","article-title":"Relationships of working conditions, health problems and vehicle accidents in bus rapid transit (BRT) drivers","volume":"61","author":"V G\u00f3mez-Ortiz","year":"2018","journal-title":"AM J IND MED"},{"key":"pone.0300286.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S305687","article-title":"More Than Just \"Stressful\"? Testing the Mediating Role of Fatigue on the Relationship Between Job Stress and Occupational Crashes of Long-Haul Truck Drivers","volume":"14","author":"SA Useche","year":"2021","journal-title":"PSYCH RES BEHAV MANAG"},{"key":"pone.0300286.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bai, Y, Ho TK, Mao BH. An Incentive Scheme for Equipment Replacement Subsidy in Beijing Metro System. ln: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Traffic and Transportation Studies (ICTTS); 2012. p. 718\u2013727.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2012.04.145"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0300286.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2011.03.003","article-title":"Understanding bus rapid transit route ridership drivers: An empirical study of Australian BRT systems","volume":"18","author":"G Currie","year":"2011","journal-title":"TRANSP POLICY"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0300286.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-012-9392-y","article-title":"Ridership drivers of bus rapid transit systems","volume":"39","author":"DA Hensher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transportation"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0300286.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1002\/atr.1297","article-title":"Nature of influence of out\u2010of\u2010vehicle time\u2010related attributes on transit attractiveness: a random parameters logit model analysis","volume":"49","author":"MS Hossain","year":"2015","journal-title":"J ADV TRANSP"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0300286.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1080\/23249935.2016.1166158","article-title":"Advanced public transport and intelligent transport systems: new modeling challenges","volume":"12","author":"A Nuzzolo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transportmetrica A"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0300286.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1287\/trsc.5.1.91","article-title":"Dispatching policies for a transportation route","volume":"5","author":"GF Newell","year":"1971","journal-title":"TRANSP SCI"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0300286.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2003.809769","article-title":"Distributed architecture for real-time coordination of bus holding in transit networks","volume":"4","author":"J Zhao","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE T INTELL TRANSP"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0300286.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/0191-2615(82)90025-X","article-title":"The allocation of buses in heavily utilized networks with overlapping routes","volume":"16","author":"AF Han","year":"1982","journal-title":"TRANSP RES B"},{"key":"pone.0300286.ref020","unstructured":"Wirasinghe, S.,. Re-examination of Newell\u2019s dispatching policy and extension to a public bus route with many to many time-varying demand. ln: International symposium on transportation and traffic theory 11th; 1990. p. 363\u2013377"},{"key":"pone.0300286.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/4212631","article-title":"Vehicle scheduling optimization considering the passenger waiting cost","volume":"2019","author":"H Shang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J ADV TRANSP"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0300286.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2010.01.003","article-title":"Design of limited-stop services for an urban bus corridor with capacity constraints","volume":"44","author":"C Leiva","year":"2010","journal-title":"TRANSP RES B"},{"key":"pone.0300286.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2015.04.008","article-title":"Generation and design heuristics for zonal express services","volume":"79","author":"H Larrain","year":"2015","journal-title":"TRANSP RES E"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0300286.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-its.2017.0049","article-title":"Optimizing departure intervals for multiple bus lines with a multi\u2010objective model","volume":"12","author":"J Feng","year":"2018","journal-title":"IET INTELL TRANSP SYS"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0300286.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics9020360","article-title":"Optimization of public transport services to minimize passengers\u2019 waiting times and maximize vehicles\u2019 occupancy ratios","volume":"9","author":"IH Toli\u0107","year":"2020","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0300286.ref026","first-page":"19","article-title":"Service optimization for bus corridors with short-turn strategies and variable vehicle size","volume":"32","author":"P Delle Site","year":"1998","journal-title":"TRANSP RES A"},{"key":"pone.0300286.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2019.06.011","article-title":"Optimal sectional fare and frequency settings for transit networks with elastic demand","volume":"127","author":"S Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"TRANSP RES B"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0300286.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)TE.1943-5436.0000468","article-title":"Joint optimization of temporal headway and differential fare for transit systems considering heterogeneous demand elasticity","volume":"139","author":"FM Tsai","year":"2013","journal-title":"J TRANSP ENG"},{"key":"pone.0300286.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trpro.2016.05.025","article-title":"Transit operations with deterministic optimal fare and frequency control","volume":"14","author":"JL Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"TRANSP RES PROCEDIA"},{"volume-title":"Urban transit: operations, planning, and economics","year":"2017","author":"VR Vuchic","key":"pone.0300286.ref030"},{"key":"pone.0300286.ref031","article-title":"Fare Optimality Analysis of Urban Rail Transit under Various Objective Functions","volume":"2014","author":"LB Deng","year":"2014","journal-title":"DISCRETE DYN NAT SOCI"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0300286.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00228-4","article-title":"Pricing and logit-based mode choice models of a transit and highway system with elastic demand","volume":"140","author":"HJ Huang","year":"2002","journal-title":"EUR J OPER RES"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0300286.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1080\/03081060701599961","article-title":"Optimization of fare structure and service frequency for maximum profitability of transit systems","volume":"30","author":"SIJ Chien","year":"2007","journal-title":"TRANSP PLAN TECHNOL"},{"key":"pone.0300286.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2017.05.004","article-title":"Analysis of an idealized system of demand adaptive paired-line hybrid transit","volume":"102","author":"PW Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"TRANSP RES B"},{"key":"pone.0300286.ref035","unstructured":"Ge HW. Traffic effect analysis and optimization techniques of bus stop. MD thesis, Southeast University, 2006. China."},{"key":"pone.0300286.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2014.09.003","article-title":"A dynamic station strategy to improve the performance of flex-route transit services","volume":"48","author":"F Qiu","year":"2014","journal-title":"TRANSP RES C"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0300286.ref037","first-page":"511","article-title":"Network design for a grid hybrid transit service","volume":"38","author":"MM Aldaihani","year":"2004","journal-title":"TRANSP RES A"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0300286.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2011.07.014","article-title":"A structured flexible transit system for low demand areas","volume":"46","author":"SM Nourbakhsh","year":"2012","journal-title":"TRANSP RES B"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0300286.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2009.11.001","article-title":"Structure of competitive transit networks","volume":"44","author":"CF Daganzo","year":"2010","journal-title":"TRANSP RES B"},{"key":"pone.0300286.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2017.12.006","article-title":"Optimal design of demand adaptive paired-line hybrid transit: Case of radial route structure","volume":"110","author":"PW Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"TRANSP RES. E"},{"key":"pone.0300286.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2016.08.064","article-title":"A state-of-the-art survey & testbed of fuzzy AHP (FAHP) applications","volume":"65","author":"S Kubler","year":"2016","journal-title":"EXPERT SYS APPLIC"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0300286.ref042","first-page":"61","article-title":"Location optimization of median BRT station at intersection","volume":"51","author":"RR Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Shandong University(Engin. Sci.)"},{"key":"pone.0300286.ref043","first-page":"116","article-title":"Maximizing net benefits for conventional and flexible bus services","volume":"80","author":"ME Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"TRANSP RES A"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0300286","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]],"date-time":"2024-03-13T17:28:27Z","timestamp":1710350907000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0300286"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Sergio A.","family":"Useche","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0300286","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1932-6203"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]]}}}