{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T11:28:27Z","timestamp":1767180507552,"version":"build-2238731810"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]],"date-time":"2024-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NRF Postgraduate Scholarships","award":["MND200602526966"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MND200602526966"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The dietary habits of seals play a pivotal role in shaping management and administration policies, especially in regions with potential interactions with fisheries. Previous studies have utilized various methods, including traditional approaches, to predict seal diets by retrieving indigestible prey parts, such as calcified structures, from intestines, feces, and stomach contents. Additionally, methods evaluating nitrogen and stable isotopes of carbon have been employed. The metabolomics approach, capable of quantifying small-scale molecules in biofluids, holds promise for specifying dietary exposures and estimating disease risk. This study aimed to assess the diet composition of five seal species\u2014\n                    <jats:italic>Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Lobodon carcinophaga<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Ommatophoca rossii<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Arctocephalus tropicalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    1 and 2\u2014by analyzing stomach and colon contents collected from stranded dead seals at various locations. Metabolite concentrations in the seal stomach and colon contents were determined using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Among the colon and stomach contents, 29 known and 8 unknown metabolites were identified. Four metabolites (alanine, fumarate, lactate, and proline) from stomach contents and one metabolite (alanine) from colon contents showed no significant differences between seal species (p&gt;0.05). This suggests that traces of these metabolites in the stomach and colon contents may be produced by the seals\u2019 gut microbiome or derived from other animals, possibly indicating reliance on fish caught at sea. Despite this insight, the cause of death for stranded seals remains unclear. The study highlights the need for specific and reliable biomarkers to precisely indicate dietary exposures across seal populations. Additionally, there is a call for the development of relevant metabolite and disease interaction networks to explore disease-related metabolites in seals. Ultimately, the metabolomic method employed in this study reveals potential metabolites in the stomach and colon contents of these seal species.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0300319","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]],"date-time":"2024-04-01T13:38:46Z","timestamp":1711978726000},"page":"e0300319","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Metabolomics approach for predicting stomach and colon contents in dead Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus, Arctocephalus tropicalis, Lobodon carcinophaga and Ommatophoca rossii from sub-Antarctic region"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Mukhethwa Micheal","family":"Mphephu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oyinlola Oluwunmi","family":"Olaokun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caswell","family":"Mavimbela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0283-6058","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Greg","family":"Hofmeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Mwale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3631-4522","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nqobile Monate","family":"Mkolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0300319.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-earth-082517-010009","article-title":"The origin and evolutionary biology of pinnipeds: seals, sea lions, and walruses.","volume":"46","author":"A. Berta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences,"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0300319.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jeb244296","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.244296","article-title":"Puncture performance tests reveal distinct feeding modes in pinniped teeth","volume":"225","author":"C. M. Peredo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0300319.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12410","article-title":"The better to eat you with: the comparative feeding morphology of phocid seals (Pinnipedia, Phocidae).","volume":"228","author":"S. S. Kienle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Anatomy"},{"key":"pone.0300319.ref004","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals","author":"B W\u00fcrsig","year":"2018","edition":"3"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0300319.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1007\/s00300-021-02804-9","article-title":"Summer circumpolar acoustic occurrence and call rates of Ross, Ommatophoca rossii, and leopard, Hydrurga leptonyx, seals in the Southern Ocean","volume":"44","author":"F. W. Shabangu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Polar Biology"},{"key":"pone.0300319.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1007\/s00300-007-0306-y","article-title":"Ross seal (Ommatophoca rossii) annual distribution, diving behaviour, breeding and moulting, off Queen Maud Land, Antarctica","volume":"30","author":"AS Blix","year":"2007","journal-title":"Polar Biol"},{"key":"pone.0300319.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.04.224","article-title":"Antarctic seals: molecular biomarkers as indicators for pollutant exposure, health effects and diet","volume":"599","author":"K. Lehnert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0300319.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2012.02.002","article-title":"Responses of Antarctic pack-ice seals to environmental change and increasing krill fishing","volume":"149","author":"J. Forcada","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biological Conservation"},{"key":"pone.0300319.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-015-1938-7","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance and virulence factor gene profiles of Enterococcus spp. isolates from wild Arctocephalus australis (South American fur seal) and Arctocephalus tropicalis (Subantarctic fur seal).","volume":"31","author":"N.A. Santestevan","year":"2015","journal-title":"World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0300319.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451142","DOI":"10.1080\/17518369.2018.1451142","article-title":"Overlap and temporal variation in the diets of sympatric Antarctic and Subantarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus spp.) at Marion Island, Prince Edward Islands.","volume":"37","author":"R. R. Reisinger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Polar Research"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0300319.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191369","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.191369","article-title":"Dive behaviour and foraging effort of female Cape fur seals Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus","volume":"6","author":"S.P. Kirkman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Royal Society open science"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0300319.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0208694","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208694","article-title":"Complementary methods assessing short and long-term prey of a marine top predator\u2012Application to the grey seal-fishery conflict in the Baltic Sea","volume":"14","author":"M. Tverin","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0300319.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.2989\/025776191784287583","article-title":"A note on the stomach contents of fur seals Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus beached on the southeast coast of South Africa","volume":"11","author":"J.G. Castley","year":"1991","journal-title":"South African Journal of Marine Science"},{"key":"pone.0300319.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1644\/1545-1410(2005)772[0001:LC]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Lobodon carcinophaga.","volume":"772","author":"P.J. Adam","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mammalian Species"},{"key":"pone.0300319.ref015","first-page":"144","article-title":"Prey selection by northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) in the eastern Bering Sea.","volume":"92","author":"E. Sinclair","year":"1994","journal-title":"Fishery Bulletin"},{"key":"pone.0300319.ref016","article-title":"Ommatophoca rossii","author":"L. H\u00fcckst\u00e4dt","year":"2015","journal-title":"The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T15269A45228952"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0300319.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1007\/s00300-013-1380-y","article-title":"The diet of the subantarctic fur seal Arctocephalus tropicalis at Marion Island","volume":"36","author":"A.B. Makhado","year":"2013","journal-title":"Polar Biology"},{"key":"pone.0300319.ref018","first-page":"218","article-title":"Some further observations on the food of fishes, with an note on the food observed in the stomach of a common porpoise","volume":"21","author":"T. Scott","year":"1903","journal-title":"Annual Report Fisheries Board of Scotland. Scientific Investigations"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0300319.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2561","DOI":"10.1139\/f68-227","article-title":"Fish otoliths in cetacean stomachs and their importance in interpreting feeding habits","volume":"25","author":"J.E. Fitch","year":"1968","journal-title":"Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada"},{"key":"pone.0300319.ref020","first-page":"653","article-title":"Diet of the Australian fur seal in Tasmania.","volume":"45","author":"R. Gales","year":"1994","journal-title":"Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research"},{"key":"pone.0300319.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-7692.2009.00332.x","article-title":"Fishes in the Hawaiian monk seal diet, based on regurgitate samples collected in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands","volume":"26","author":"K. Longenecker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Marine Mammal Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0300319.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1890\/02-4105","article-title":"Quantitative fatty acid signature analysis: A new method of estimating predator diets","volume":"74","author":"S. J. Iverson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ecological Monographs"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0300319.ref023","first-page":"199","article-title":"DNA metabarcoding in diet studies: Unveiling ecological aspects in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems","volume":"1","author":"L.L. de Sousa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environmental"},{"key":"pone.0300319.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1007\/s10592-006-9197-7","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of prey DNA in pinniped faeces: potential to estimate diet composition?","volume":"8","author":"B.E. Deagle","year":"2007","journal-title":"Conservation genetics"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0300319.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0192241","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192241","article-title":"Evaluating the use of stable isotope analysis to infer the feeding ecology of a growing US gray seal (Halichoerus grypus) population.","volume":"13","author":"J.E. Lerner","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"pone.0300319.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1139\/f95-209","article-title":"Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic fractionation between diet and tissues of captive seals: Implications for dietary reconstructions involving marine mammals","volume":"53","author":"K. A. Hobson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0300319.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.078758","article-title":"Metabolomics in nutritional epidemiology: identifying metabolites associated with diet and quantifying their potential to uncover diet-disease relations in populations","volume":"100","author":"K.A. Guertin","year":"2014","journal-title":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"pone.0300319.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9191","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-45640-y","article-title":"An untargeted fecal and urine metabolomics analysis of the interplay between the gut microbiome, diet and human metabolism in Indian and Chinese adults.","volume":"9","author":"A. Jain","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"pone.0300319.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1113075","article-title":"Trophic cascades in a formerly cod-dominated ecosystem","volume":"308","author":"K.T. Frank","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pone.0300319.ref030","first-page":"90","article-title":"Roles of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in immune regulation and immune diseases","volume":"10","author":"A. Nie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death and Disease"},{"issue":"32","key":"pone.0300319.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11043","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0802862105","article-title":"Aminoacyl tRNA synthetases and their connections to disease","volume":"105","author":"S. G. Park","year":"2008","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0300319.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/128.8.1249","article-title":"Intestinal Mucosal Amino Acid Catabolism","volume":"128","author":"G. Wu","year":"1998","journal-title":"The Journal of Nutrition"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0300319.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00561","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00561-20","article-title":"Gut Microbiota and Metabolome Alterations Associated with Parkinson\u2019s Disease.","volume":"5","author":"S. Vascellari","year":"2020","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0300319.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1810531","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1810531","article-title":"Understanding the mechanisms of efficacy of fecal microbiota transplant in treating recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection and beyond: the contribution of gut microbial-derived metabolites.","volume":"12","author":"L. Martinez-Gili","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut microbes."},{"key":"pone.0300319.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-013-1527-6","article-title":"Urocanate as a potential signaling molecule for bacterial recognition of eukaryotic hosts","volume":"71","author":"X.X. Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences"},{"issue":"6350","key":"pone.0300319.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aam5336","article-title":"The microbial metabolite desaminotyrosine protects from influenza through type I interferon","volume":"357","author":"A.L. Steel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science (New York, N.Y.)"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0300319.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2018.02.006","article-title":"Marine algal carbohydrates as carbon sources for the production of biochemicals and biomaterials","volume":"36","author":"M.T. Ces\u00e1rio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biotechnology Advances"},{"key":"pone.0300319.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4476","article-title":"Interactions between the microbiota, immune and nervous systems in health and disease","volume":"20","author":"T.C. Fung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"pone.0300319.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.06.011","article-title":"The neuropharmacology of butyrate: the bread and butter of the microbiota-gut-brain axis?","volume":"99","author":"R.M. Stilling","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurochemistry International"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0300319.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0157-3","article-title":"The role of short-chain fatty acids in microbiota\u2013gut\u2013brain communication","volume":"16","author":"B. Dalile","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Gastroenterology and Hepatology"},{"key":"pone.0300319.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.13589","article-title":"Formation of Propionate and Butyrate by the Human Colonic Microbiota","volume":"19","author":"P. Louis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environmental Microbiology"},{"key":"pone.0300319.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.06035-11","article-title":"Characterization of Phascolarctobacterium Succinatutens Sp. Nov., an Asaccharolytic, Succinate-Utilizing Bacterium Isolated from Human Feces","volume":"78","author":"Y. Watanabe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0300319.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12484","article-title":"Gut microbial metabolism defines host metabolism: an emerging perspective in obesity and allergic inflammation.","volume":"18","author":"M. Kumari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obesity Reviews"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0300319.ref044","first-page":"276","article-title":"The role of plasma amino acids in hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"78","author":"J.E. Fischer","year":"1975","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"pone.0300319.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-018-0271-1","article-title":"Branched-chain amino acids in health and disease: metabolism, alterations in blood plasma, and as supplements.","volume":"15","author":"M. Hole\u010dek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrition and Metabolism (Lond)."},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0300319.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.15900","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease-like neuropathology in three species of oceanic dolphin","volume":"57","author":"M. C. Vacher","year":"2023","journal-title":"The European journal of neuroscience"},{"issue":"23","key":"pone.0300319.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13168","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222313168","article-title":"A Review of the Current Mammalian Models of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Challenges That Need to Be Overcome","volume":"22","author":"N. E. Mckean","year":"2021","journal-title":"International journal of molecular sciences"},{"key":"pone.0300319.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00185","article-title":"Intestinal Short Chain Fatty Acids and their Link with Diet and Human Health","volume":"7","author":"D. R\u00edos-Covi\u00e1n","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers in Microbiology"},{"key":"pone.0300319.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2015.12.004","article-title":"Stress-related regulation of the kynurenine pathway: relevance to neuropsychiatric and degenerative disorders","volume":"112","author":"K. O\u2019Farrell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"pone.0300319.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2014.07.027","article-title":"Serotonin, tryptophan metabolism and the brain-gut-microbiome axis","volume":"277","author":"S.M. O\u2019mahony","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behavioural Brain Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0300319.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2297","article-title":"From inflammation to sickness and depression: when the immune system subjugates the brain","volume":"9","author":"R. Dantzer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0300319.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-008-9118-1","article-title":"The inflammatory & neurodegenerative (I&ND) hypothesis of depression: leads for future research and new drug developments in depression.","volume":"24","author":"M. Maes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Metabolic Brain Disease"},{"key":"pone.0300319.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00158","article-title":"Tryptophan Metabolic Pathways and Brain Serotonergic Activity: A Comparative Review.","volume":"10","author":"E. H\u00f6glund","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in Endocrinology"},{"key":"pone.0300319.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.5.1302","article-title":"Concentrations of choline-containing compounds and betaine in common foods","volume":"133","author":"S.H. Zeisel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Nutrition"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0300319.ref055","first-page":"4484","article-title":"Dietary Reference Values for choline","volume":"14","author":"J.L. Bresson","year":"2016","journal-title":"European Food Safety Authority"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0300319.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10101513","article-title":"Dietary choline intake: current state of knowledge across the life cycle","volume":"10","author":"A.M. Wiedeman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"pone.0300319.ref057","first-page":"575","article-title":"Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk","volume":"368","author":"W.H. Tang","year":"2013","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"pone.0300319.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09922","article-title":"Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease","volume":"472","author":"Z. Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0300319.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(93)90198-W","article-title":"Serum betaine, N,N-dimethylglycine and N-methylglycine levels in patients with cobalamin and folate deficiency and related inborn errors of metabolism","volume":"42","author":"R.H. Allen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0300319.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1273","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1621400114","article-title":"Creatine maintains intestinal homeostasis","volume":"114","author":"E. Turer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0300319.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2000.80.3.1107","article-title":"Creatine and creatinine metabolism","volume":"80","author":"M. Wyss","year":"2000","journal-title":"Physiological Reviews"},{"issue":"44","key":"pone.0300319.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15718","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0407076101","article-title":"The gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage.","volume":"101","author":"F. B\u00e4ckhed","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0300319.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665114001463","article-title":"Links between diet, gut microbiota composition and gut metabolism","volume":"74","author":"H.J. Flint","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Nutrition Society"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0300319.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.12022","article-title":"Diet and phylogeny shape the gut microbiota of Antarctic seals: a comparison of wild and captive animals","volume":"15","author":"T.M. Nelson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environmental microbiology"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0300319.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2767","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26092767","article-title":"Production, Purification, and Study of the Amino Acid Composition of Microalgae Proteins","volume":"26","author":"A. Andreeva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0300319.ref066","first-page":"1","article-title":"Spirulina as a main source of tryptophan for mental illness: Improving level of serotonin through tryptophan supplementation.","volume":"7","author":"S. Demelash","year":"2018","journal-title":"Global journal of medicine and public health."},{"key":"pone.0300319.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2011.09.037","article-title":"Microalgal system for treatment of effluent from poultry litter anaerobic digestion","volume":"102","author":"M. Singh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioresource Technology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0300319.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0124042","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0124042","article-title":"Algae in fish feed: performances and fatty acid metabolism in juvenile Atlantic Salmon.","volume":"10","author":"F. Norambuena","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0300319.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fsx207","article-title":"Competition for the fish\u2014fish extraction from the Baltic Sea by humans, aquatic mammals, and birds.","volume":"75","author":"S. Hansson","year":"2017","journal-title":"ICES Journal of Marine Science"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0302976","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]],"date-time":"2024-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714435200000}}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0300319","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]],"date-time":"2024-04-17T18:54:31Z","timestamp":1713380071000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0300319"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Ishtiyaq","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0300319","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]]}}}