{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T17:25:00Z","timestamp":1788456300409,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]],"date-time":"2024-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712275200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, the epidemiology of acute respiratory infections (ARIs) has continually changed, making it difficult to predict. Our study aimed to evaluate epidemiological changes and clinical outcomes of ARIs in pediatric patients in the post-lockdown period.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A single-center retrospective cross-sectional study was performed in one of the largest pediatric emergency departments in Lithuania during two cold seasons\u2013from October 1, 2021, to April 30, 2022 (Season I) and in the same period in 2022\u20132023 (Season II). Patients under 18 years of age who had been tested for COVID-19 were enrolled in the study. Additional data about other respiratory pathogens in the study group (specifically influenza A\/B, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and group A <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic> (GAS)), were included.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>During both seasons of our study, 19,366 children were screened for COVID-19. Positive tests for COVID-19 decreased from 14.5% in Season I to 5.9% in Season II, while at the same time, the rates of other infections increased significantly: influenza from 17.5% to 27.1%, RSV from 8.8% to 27.6%, and GAS from 8.4% to 44%, respectively. In Season II, COVID-19 infection presented in fewer admissions to pediatric intensive care (0.8% vs. 3.7%, p&lt;0.01) and there were no deaths, while influenza presented in a higher proportion of hospitalizations (10.5% vs. 6.1%, p&lt;0.01) and there was one death. The proportion of RSV hospitalizations also increased in Season II (34.6% vs. 44.0%, p&lt;0.01).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The early post-lockdown period saw a decline of COVID-19 and re-emergence of influenza, RSV and GAS infections in children. In Season II, COVID-19 cases became milder contrary to influenza. RSV infection contributed significantly to hospitalizations for respiratory infections in children in both seasons, particularly in Season II. Coinfections were not associated with a more severe course of the disease.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0300877","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]],"date-time":"2024-04-05T16:24:51Z","timestamp":1712334291000},"page":"e0300877","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Epidemiological changes of acute respiratory infections in children: A single-center experience after COVID-19 lockdown"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3429-0136","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Indr\u0117","family":"Stacevi\u010dien\u0117","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inga","family":"Iva\u0161kevi\u010dien\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sigita","family":"Burokien\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Au\u0161ra","family":"Steponavi\u010dien\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daiva","family":"Vai\u010di\u016bnien\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel\u0117","family":"Tarutyt\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Augustina","family":"Jankauskien\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0300877.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e47","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30408-X","article-title":"Global, regional, and national estimates of pneumonia morbidity and mortality in children younger than 5 years between 2000 and 2015: a systematic analysis","volume":"7","author":"DA McAllister","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"pone.0300877.ref002","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Mortality Database. Interactive platform visualizing mortality data. Respiratory infections. [Internet]. [cited 2023 Dec 03]. Available from: https:\/\/platform.who.int\/mortality\/themes\/theme-details\/topics\/topic-details\/MDB\/respiratory-infections."},{"key":"pone.0300877.ref003","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Maps. [Internet]. [cited 2023 Dec 03]. Available from: https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/data\/maps."},{"key":"pone.0300877.ref004","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Weekly Viral Respiratory Illness Snapshot. [Internet]. [cited 2023 Dec 03]. 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Statement on the fifteenth meeting of the IHR (2005) Emergency Committee on the COVID-19 pandemic [Internet]. 2023 May 5. [cited 2023 Dec 03]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/05-05-2023-statement-on-the-fifteenth-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-coronavirus-disease-(covid-19)-pandemic."},{"key":"pone.0300877.ref009","unstructured":"National Centre for Public Health of Lithuania. Epidemiological analysis of acute upper respiratory tract infections in 2022\u20132023. [Internet]. [cited 2023 Dec 03]. Available from: https:\/\/nvsc.lrv.lt\/lt\/uzkreciamuju-ligu-valdymas\/sergamumo-apzvalgos\/apzvalgos-2022-m."},{"key":"pone.0300877.ref010","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Communicable disease threats report, 26 March\u20141 April 2023, week 13 [Internet]. 2023 March 31. [cited 2023 Dec 03]. 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