{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T04:35:05Z","timestamp":1784867705803,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,25]],"date-time":"2024-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714003200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023674","name":"Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RGP.2\/311\/44"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGP.2\/311\/44"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023674","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There is still a great global need for efficient treatments for the management of SARS-CoV-2 illness notwithstanding the availability and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccinations. Olive leaf is an herbal remedy with a potential antiviral activity that could improve the recovery of COVID-19 patients. In this work, the olive leaves major metabolites were screened <jats:italic>in silico<\/jats:italic> for their activity against SARS-CoV-2 by molecular docking on several viral targets such as methyl transferase, helicase, Pl<jats:sup>pro<\/jats:sup>, M<jats:sup>pro<\/jats:sup>, and RdRp. The results of <jats:italic>in silico<\/jats:italic> docking study showed that olive leaves phytoconstituents exhibited strong potential antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 selected targets. Verbacoside demonstrated a strong inhibition against methyl transferase, helicase, Pl<jats:sup>pro<\/jats:sup>, M<jats:sup>pro<\/jats:sup>, and RdRp (docking scores = -17.2, -20, -18.2, -19.8, and -21.7 kcal\/mol.) respectively. Oleuropein inhibited 5rmm, M<jats:sup>pro<\/jats:sup>, and RdRp (docking scores = -15, -16.6 and -18.6 kcal\/mol., respectively) respectively. Apigenin-7-<jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>-glucoside exhibited activity against methyl transferase and RdRp (docking score = -16.1 and -19.4 kcal\/mol., respectively) while Luteolin-7-<jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>-glucoside inhibited Pl<jats:sup>pro<\/jats:sup> and RdRp (docking score = -15.2 and -20 kcal\/mol., respectively). The <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> antiviral assay was carried out on standardized olive leaf extract (SOLE) containing 20% oleuropein and IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> was calculated. The results revealed that 20% SOLE demonstrated a moderate antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 with IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> of 118.3 <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g \/mL. Accordingly, olive leaf could be a potential herbal therapy against SARS-CoV-2 but more <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> and clinical investigations are recommended.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0301086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,25]],"date-time":"2024-04-25T17:39:14Z","timestamp":1714066754000},"page":"e0301086","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["In vitro biological evaluation and in silico insights into the antiviral activity of standardized olive leaves extract against SARS-CoV-2"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Taghreed A.","family":"Majrashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud A.","family":"El Hassab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara H.","family":"Mahmoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Mostafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6359-5011","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Engy A.","family":"Wahsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eslam B.","family":"Elkaeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatma E.","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6996-4017","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wagdy M.","family":"Eldehna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4160-1625","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shimaa M.","family":"Abdelgawad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0301086.ref001","first-page":"1","article-title":"Therapeutic Potential of Olive\u2019s Bioactive Compounds in COVID-19 Disease Management: A Review","volume":"269","author":"P Chandrashekharaiah","year":"2020","journal-title":"AIJR Preprints"},{"key":"pone.0301086.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.susmat.2020.e00203","article-title":"Future antiviral surfaces: Lessons from COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"25","author":"Z Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustainable materials and technologies"},{"key":"pone.0301086.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.879118","article-title":"Olive Leaves as a Potential Phytotherapy in the Treatment of COVID-19 Disease; A Mini-Review","volume":"13","author":"SM Abdelgawad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Pharmacology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0301086.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s13337-015-0276-6","article-title":"Herbal plants and plant preparations as remedial approach for viral diseases","volume":"26","author":"RK Ganjhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virusdisease"},{"key":"pone.0301086.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2013.00177","article-title":"The growing use of herbal medicines: issues relating to adverse reactions and challenges in monitoring safety","volume":"4","author":"M. 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