{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,14]],"date-time":"2025-12-14T16:15:31Z","timestamp":1765728931344,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]],"date-time":"2024-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726704000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002001","name":"Health Services and Delivery Research Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIHR132914"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR132914"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Within the 2020\/21 CICADA (Coronavirus Intersectionalities: Chronic Conditions or Disabilities and Migrants and other Ethnic minorities) study, we explored full, partial or noncompliance with government COVID-19 infection-containment measures by people from minoritised ethnic groups with a disabling health condition or impairment. We used an assets-based intersectional approach and purposive sampling, included non-disabled and White British comparators, and trained community co-researchers to help us reach undocumented migrants and asylum seekers. We undertook 271 semi-structured qualitative interviews, followed by participatory workshops with interviewees to explore data and changes in experiences five and 10 months after the interviews. Perceiving their vulnerability to COVID-19, most participants quickly and often zealously adopted infection-containment behaviours, and continued this after restrictions were lifted. This could reduce mental wellbeing, especially in community-facing cultures, and could create family conflict. Various structural inequities impeded compliance. Many, especially undocumented migrants, felt imprisoned. The intersection of gender, citizenship, socioeconomic status and culture impacted disclosures of COVID-19 infection, support seeking and use. Many were unclear what was safe as well as unsafe. People complained that disability and cultural considerations were omitted from policymaking. Participants mostly had taken the COVID-19 vaccine by October 2022, but ethnic minority participants needed time to deliberate and trusted, community-embedded information whereas White British participants were mostly influenced by mass media. The intersection of health condition or impairment, poverty, and living alone led to more non-compliance with general rules, and more vaccine hesitancy than did misinformation spread through ethnic community channels. Many participants were reluctant to reintegrate in May 2022 because of continued perceived vulnerability to COVID-19 but by September 2022 = seemed more concerned about the economic crisis. We add two new \u2018types\u2019 to existing compliance typologies: deliberators (who eventually decide to follow the rules), and \u2018necessity-driven non-compliers\u2019 who are totally unable to comply because of their disabilities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0301242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]],"date-time":"2024-09-19T17:34:13Z","timestamp":1726767253000},"page":"e0301242","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Compliance with COVID-19 government guidance and rules by disabled people and people from minoritised ethnic groups: Qualitative findings from the CICADA study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0316-8090","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Carol","family":"Rivas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3432-3495","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kusha","family":"Anand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amanda P.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0301242.ref001","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). Statement on the fifteenth meeting of the IHR (2005) Emergency Committee on the COVID-19 pandemic.2023 May 5 [cited 2023 Dec 8]. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/05-05-2023-statement-on-the-fifteenth-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-coronavirus-disease-(covid-19)-pandemic"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref002","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). From emergency response to long-term COVID-19 disease management: sustaining gains made during the COVID-19 pandemic, 2023 3 May COVID-19: Critical preparedness, readiness and response. [cited 2023 Dec 8]. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/WHO-WHE-SPP-2023.1"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marmot M, Allen J, Boyce T, Goldblatt P, Morrison J. Health equity in England: the Marmot review 10 years on. Institute of Health Equity. London; 2020. [cited 2023 Dec 8]. http:\/\/www.instituteofhealthequity.org\/the-marmot-review-10-years-on.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m693"},{"volume-title":"The Rising Cost of Living: A Review of Interventions to Reduce Impacts on Health Inequalities in London Institute of Health Equity","year":"2023","author":"A Munro","key":"pone.0301242.ref004"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0301242.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1004086","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004086","article-title":"Outcome of COVID-19 in hospitalised immunocompromised patients: An analysis of the WHO ISARIC CCP-UK prospective cohort study","volume":"20","author":"L Turtle","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref006","unstructured":"UK Health Security Agency Dashboard, Gov.UK, London, September 2023, [cited 2023 Dec 8]. https:\/\/coronavirus.data.gov.uk\/details\/interactive-map\/cases"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref007","unstructured":"Smitham E and Glassman A. The Next Pandemic Could Come Soon and Be Deadlier. The Center for Global Development (CGD), London, 2021August 25. [cited 2023 Dec 8]. https:\/\/www.cgdev.org\/blog\/the-next-pandemic-could-come-soon-and-be-deadlier"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref008","unstructured":"The Crown. What is the UK Covid-19 Inquiry? HM Government, 2023. [cited 2023 Dec 8]. https:\/\/covid19.public-inquiry.uk\/"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref009","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics. Updated estimates of coronavirus (COVID-19) related deaths by disability status, England: 24 January to 20 November; 2020. [cited 2023 Dec 8]. https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/peoplepopulationandcommunity\/birthsdeathsandmarriages\/deaths\/articles\/coronaviruscovid19relateddeathsbydisabilitystatusenglandandwales\/24january2020to9march2022"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-022-02047-0","article-title":"Perceived discrimination as a modifier of health, disease, and medicine: empirical data from the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"12","author":"ME Thomason","year":"2022","journal-title":"Translational Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref011","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics. Coronavirus (COVID-19) related deaths by occupation, England and Wales: Deaths registered between 9 March and 28 December 2020; 2020. [cited 2023 Dec 8]. https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/peoplepopulationandcommunity\/healthandsocialcare\/causesofdeath\/datasets\/coronaviruscovid19relateddeathsbyoccupationenglandandwales"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref012","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics. Why have Black and South Asian people been hit hardest by COVID-19?; 2020. [cited 2023 Dec 8]. https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/peoplepopulationandcommunity\/healthandsocialcare\/conditionsanddiseases\/articles\/whyhaveblackandsouthasianpeoplebeenhithardestbycovid19\/2020-12-14#:~:text=Black%20and%20Asian%20men%20are,higher%20COVID%2D19%20death%20rates.&text=In%20the%20early%20stages%20of,with%20disease%20and%20other%20people."},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref013","unstructured":"Finch D, Tinson A. The continuing impact of COVID-19 on health and inequalities; A year on from our COVID-19 impact inquiry. The Health Foundation; 2022. [cited 2023 Dec 8]. https:\/\/www.health.org.uk\/publications\/long-reads\/the-continuing-impact-of-covid-19-on-health-and-inequalities)"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-5890.12240","article-title":"Inequalities in Children\u2019s Experiences of Home Learning during the COVID\u201019 Lockdown in England","volume":"41","author":"A Andrew","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fiscal Studie.s"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13819","article-title":"Decreased Case Fatality Rate of COVID-19 in the Second Wave: A study in 53 countries or regions","volume":"68","author":"G Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.15833.1","article-title":"Disability-inclusive COVID-19 response: What it is, why it is important and what we can learn from the United Kingdom\u2019s response","volume":"5","author":"H Kuper","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Research"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e043577","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-043577","article-title":"Early perceptions and behavioural responses during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional survey of UK adults","volume":"11","author":"C Atchison","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.31389\/lseppr.33","article-title":"COVID-19 and Ethnic Inequalities in England","volume":"1","author":"L. Platt","year":"2021","journal-title":"LSE Public Policy Review"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref019","unstructured":"Wilson W, Barton C, Carthew H. Overcrowded housing (England). House of Commons Library Briefing Paper 1013. London; 2020."},{"issue":"10238","key":"pone.0301242.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31102-8","article-title":"Sharpening the global focus on ethnicity and race in the time of COVID-19","volume":"395","author":"N Bhala","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmh.2020.100004","article-title":"Engaging the vulnerable: A rapid review of public health communication aimed at migrants during the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe","volume":"1","author":"BM Nezafat Maldonado","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Migr Health"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmh.2021.100041","article-title":"Clinical outcomes and risk factors for COVID-19 among migrant populations in high-income countries: A systematic review","volume":"3","author":"SE Hayward","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Migr Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0301242.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1177\/1524839920983922","article-title":"Mask Use During COVID-19: A Social-Ecological Analysis","volume":"22","author":"AR Casola","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Promot Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0301242.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0009.12474","article-title":"Population Health in the Time of COVID-19: confirmations and Revelations","volume":"98","author":"AV Diez Roux","year":"2020","journal-title":"Milbank Q"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0301242.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"taaa113","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taaa113","article-title":"COVID-19: Exposing and addressing health disparities among ethnic minorities and migrants","volume":"27","author":"C Greenaway","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0301242.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyaa159","article-title":"COVID-19 and the \u2019rediscovery\u2019 of health inequities","volume":"49","author":"I. Kawachi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0301242.ref027","first-page":"e171","article-title":"Disparities in Adherence to COVID-19 Public Health Recommendations","volume":"4","author":"BD Weiss","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Lit Res Pract"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref028","unstructured":"The Independent Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies (SAGE). The Independent SAGE Report 30 Maintaining adherence to protective behaviours during vaccination roll-out Summary and recommendations.Submitted to The UK Government and the People of Great Britain & Northern Ireland by Sir David King, former Chief Scientific Adviser, UK Government, Chair of Independent SAGE January 14, 2021, [cited 2023 Dec 8]. www.independentSAGE.org"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref029","unstructured":"Royal Society for Public Health. New poll finds BAME groups less likely to want COVID vaccine: Royal Society for Public Health; 2020 16 December. [cited 2023 Dec 8]. https:\/\/www.rsph.org.uk\/about-us\/news\/new-poll-finds-bame-groups-less-likely-to-want-covid-vaccine.html."},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.03.008","article-title":"Predictors of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the UK household longitudinal study","volume":"94","author":"E Robertson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0301242.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdac038","article-title":"Tackling barriers to COVID-19 vaccine uptake in London: a mixed-methods evaluation","volume":"45","author":"K Halvorsrud","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Public Health (Oxf)"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref032","unstructured":"Aviles G. Black men fear homemade coronavirus masks could exacerbate racial profiling. NBC News 2020, April 9. [cited 2023 Dec 8]. https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/news\/nbcblk\/black-men-fear-homemade-masks-could-exacerbate-racial-profiling-n1179236"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0301242.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1017\/rep.2021.9","article-title":"Masks and racial stereotypes in a pandemic: the case for surgical masks","volume":"7","author":"L Christiani","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Politics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0301242.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e65","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdab400","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccination uptake amongst ethnic minority communities in England: a linked study exploring the drivers of differential vaccination rates","volume":"45","author":"CH Gaughan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Public Health (Oxf)"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref035","unstructured":"ONS Office for Statistics Regulation, Covid-19 vaccinations in the UK January 2021, [cited 2023 Dec 8]. https:\/\/osr. statisticsauthority.gov.uk\/correspondence\/ed-humpherson-to-producers-of-health-related-statistics- across-the-uk-number-of-covid-19-vaccinations-administered-in-the-uk\/"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0301242.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e38361","DOI":"10.2196\/38361","article-title":"Lessons From the COVID-19 Pandemic to Improve the Health, Social Care, and Well-being of Minoritized Ethnic Groups With Chronic Conditions or Impairments: Protocol for a Mixed Methods Study","volume":"11","author":"C Rivas","year":"2022","journal-title":"JMIR Res Protoc"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0301242.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1080\/09687599.2013.818773","volume":"28","author":"M. Oliver","year":"2013","journal-title":"The social model of disability: thirty years on, Disability & Society"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0301242.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1086\/426800","article-title":"The Complexity of Intersectionality","volume":"30","author":"L. McCall","year":"2005","journal-title":"Signs"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref039","unstructured":"Anand K, Redclift V, Moore AP, Rivas C. General considerations for research with minoritised ethnic groups with chronic conditions and disabilities: beyond cultural competency and humility. Monograph. Social Research Institute 2023. [cited 2023 Dec 8]. www.cicada-study.com"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113138","article-title":"Considerations for employing intersectionality in qualitative health research","volume":"258","author":"JA Abrams","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.15358\/9783800657520","volume-title":"The design thinking toolbox: A guide to mastering the most popular and valuable innovation methods","author":"M Lewrick","year":"2020"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref042","article-title":"Framework analysis: a qualitative methodology for applied policy research","volume":"72","author":"A Srivastava","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Administration and Governance"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1080\/13557850050007338","article-title":"Limiting Long-term Illness Among Black Caribbeans, Black Africans, Indians, Pakistanis, Bangladeshis and Chinese Born in the UK","volume":"5","author":"S Harding","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ethnicity & Health"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref044","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics (ONS). 2021 Census. 2021. [cited 2023 Dec 8]. https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/census."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0301242.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1009620","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009620","article-title":"Dating first cases of COVID-19","volume":"17","author":"DL Roberts","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref046","unstructured":"World Health Organisation (WHO). Statement on the second meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) 30 January 2020, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland. [cited 2023 Dec 8]. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/30-01-2020-statement-on-the-second-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-outbreak-of-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov)"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref047","unstructured":"Frances Perraudin and Matthew Weaver. Could Covid-19 have reached the UK earlier than thought? Mon 1 Jun 2020 13.00 BST. The Guardian, London. [cited 2023 Dec 8]. https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2020\/jun\/01\/spate-of-possible-uk-coronavirus-cases-from-2019-come-to-light"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref048","first-page":"157","article-title":"WHO Declares COVID-19 a Pandemic","volume":"91","author":"D Cucinotta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Biomedica Atenei Parmensis"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref049","unstructured":"Belluz J. \u201cWe are at a turning point\u201d: The coronavirus outbreak is looking more like a pandemic. Vox. Updated Feb 25, 2020, [cited 2023 Dec 8]. https:\/\/www.vox.com\/2020\/2\/23\/21149327\/coronavirus-pandemic-meaning-italy)"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref050","unstructured":"Department of Health and Social Care. Coronavirus action plan: a guide to what you can expect across the UK. 2020 3 March. [cited 2023 Dec 8]. https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/coronavirus-action-plan\/coronavirus-action-plan-a-guide-to-what-you-can-expect-across-the-uk"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref051","unstructured":"Institute for Government.Timeline of UK government coronavirus lockdowns and measures, March 2020 to December 2021, Institute for Government London, UK. [cited 2023 Dec 8]. https:\/\/www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/timeline-coronavirus-lockdown-december-2021.pdf"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref052","unstructured":"Boris Johnson. Prime Minister\u2019s statement on coronavirus (COVID-19): 23 March 2020. Hov.uk, London. [cited 2023 Dec 8]. https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/speeches\/pm-address-to-the-nation-on-coronavirus-23-march-2020"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0301242.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2026064","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.26064","article-title":"Levels of Severity of Depressive Symptoms Among At-Risk Groups in the UK During the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"3","author":"E Iob","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref054","unstructured":"Baines D, Elliott RJR. Defining misinformation, disinformation and malinformation: An urgent need for clarity during the COVID-19 infodemic. Discussion Papers 20\u201306, 2020, Department of Economics, University of Birmingham. [cited 2023 Dec 8]. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Darrin-Baines\/publication\/341130695_Defining_misinformation_disinformation_and_malinformation_An_urgent_need_for_clarity_during_the_COVID-19_infodemic\/links\/5eb01d1b299bf18b9594b28f\/Defining-misinformation-disinformation-and-malinformation-An-urgent-need-for-clarity-during-the-COVID-19-infodemic.pdf"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0301242.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0268409","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0268409","article-title":"Analyzing COVID-19 disinformation on Twitter using the hashtags #scamdemic and #plandemic: Retrospective study","volume":"17","author":"HD Lanier","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"volume-title":"COVID-19 Disinformation: A Multi-National, Whole of Society Perspective. Advanced Sciences and Technologies for Security Applications","year":"2022","author":"N. Verrall","key":"pone.0301242.ref056"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref057","unstructured":"Christie, L. COVID-19 vaccine misinformation. Rapid Response. UK Parliament POST. 2021 26 April, [cited 2023 Dec 8]. https:\/\/post.parliament.uk\/covid-19-vaccine-misinformation\/"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref058","article-title":"Susceptibility to misinformation about COVID-19 around the world","author":"J Roozenbeek","year":"2020","journal-title":"R Soc. open sci"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1177\/10755470211022020","article-title":"Not My Pandemic: Solution Aversion and the Polarized Public Perception of COVID-19","volume":"43","author":"H Chu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science Communication"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref060","unstructured":"UK Health Security Agency and Department of Health and Social Care. COVID-19: guidance for people whose immune system means they are at higher risk, 24 December 2021, Last updated 13 November 2023. https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/covid-19-guidance-for-people-whose-immune-system-means-they-are-at-higher-risk, UK government."},{"volume-title":"Consumer Affairs policy report","year":"2021","author":"D Bird","key":"pone.0301242.ref061"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref062","unstructured":"Gallagher P.Covid-19 shielding list almost doubles as nearly 2 million more people seen as \u2018high risk\u2019 February 16, 2021, i-news. https:\/\/inews.co.uk\/news\/health\/covid-shielding-list-almost-doubles-874941)."},{"issue":"19","key":"pone.0301242.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9982","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18199982","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Loneliness and Social Isolation: A Multi-Country Study","volume":"18","author":"R O\u2019Sullivan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.06.036","article-title":"Who is lonely in lockdown? Cross-cohort analyses of predictors of loneliness before and during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"186","author":"F Bu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0301242.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000690","article-title":"The trajectory of loneliness in response to COVID-19","volume":"75","author":"M Luchetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref066","unstructured":"Kulpi\u0144ska J, G\u00f3rska K, Wyrwisz A. Immigrants\u2019 adaptation strategies in the (post)pandemic reality. Proceedings of The Migration Conference 2023, 23 to 26 August 2023, Hamburg University, Germany, ISBN: 978-1-80135-231-4."},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0301242.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2137719","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.37719","article-title":"Analysis of Attitudes About COVID-19 Contact tracing and public health guidelines among undocumented immigrants in the US","volume":"4","author":"HY Choi","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref068","unstructured":"Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government. Guidance to support local authority compliance and enforcement activity, including COVID-19 secure marshals or equivalents, 202110 May, Ministry of Housing,Communities & Local Government, London, [cited 2023 Dec 8]. https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/covid-19-local-authority-compliance-and-enforcement-grant\/guidance-to-support-local-authority-compliance-and-enforcement-activity-including-covid-19-secure-marshals-or-equivalents"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0301242.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlpt.2020.08.003","article-title":"COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom","volume":"9","author":"D Flynn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Policy Technol"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref070","unstructured":"Morris S. English beaches packed despite Covid-19 social distancing plea. Guardian, 2020Fri 31 Jul. cited 2023 Dec 8]. https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/uk-news\/2020\/jul\/31\/england-beaches-packed-despite-covid-19-social-distancing-plea"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref071","unstructured":"Hutton G. Eat Out to Help Out Scheme, Research Briefing, House of Commons Library, UK Parliament, London,. 202022 December, [cited 2023 Dec 8]. https:\/\/commonslibrary.parliament.uk\/research-briefings\/cbp-8978\/"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref072","unstructured":"Sasse T. The Treasury\u2019s attempt to repair Eat Out to Help Out\u2019s reputation is dubious. 2021 03 Feb, Institute for Government, London. cited 2023 Dec 8]. https:\/\/www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk\/comment\/treasury-eat-out-help-out-reputation"},{"issue":"643","key":"pone.0301242.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1093\/ej\/ueab074","article-title":"Subsidising the spread of COVID-19: Evidence from the UK\u2019S Eat-Out-to-Help-Out Scheme","author":"T. Fetzer","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Economic Journal"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref074","unstructured":"McKie R, Helm T. Sunak under fire as \u2018stupid\u2019 Eat Out to Help Out scheme to be focus of Covid inquiry. 2023 Sat 3 Jun, The Guardian, [cited 2023 Dec 8]. https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2023\/jun\/03\/sunak-under-fire-as-stupid-eat-out-to-help-out-scheme-to-be-focus-of-covid-inquiry"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0301242.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1037\/xap0000416","article-title":"Ambiguity and unintended inferences about risk messages for COVID-19","volume":"28","author":"DL Holford","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Appl"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref076","unstructured":"National Health Service Are face masks useful for preventing coronavirus? 2020. cited 2023 Dec 8]. https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/coronavirus-covid-19\/common-questions\/"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cocis.2021.101417","article-title":"A technical review of face mask wearing in preventing respiratory COVID-19 transmission","volume":"52","author":"Mingrui Liao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref078","unstructured":"Funerals during the coronavirus lockdown in the UK, blog, 2020 20th April, [cited 2023 Dec 8]. whentheygetolder.co.uk, https:\/\/whentheygetolder.co.uk\/health\/end-of-life\/funerals\/funerals-during-the-coronavirus-lockdown-in-the-uk\/"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref079","unstructured":"Age UK. Funerals Briefing 202113 May, [cited 2023 Dec 8]. https:\/\/www.ageuk.org.uk\/bp-assets\/globalassets\/dacorum\/original-blocks\/our-services\/ia\/funerals-briefing-19-may-2021-sd-final.pdf"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0301242.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1080\/07481180903251554","article-title":"Influences of religion and culture on continuing bonds in a sample of British Muslims of Pakistani origin","volume":"33","author":"H Hussein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Death Stud"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref081","unstructured":"Coronavirus (COVID-19) Infection Survey technical article: waves and lags of COVID-19 in England, June 2021, Office for National Statistics, London. cited 2023 Dec 8]. https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/peoplepopulationandcommunity\/healthandsocialcare\/conditionsanddiseases\/articles\/coronaviruscovid19infectionsurveytechnicalarticle\/wavesandlagsofcovid19inenglandjune2021"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref082","unstructured":"Garside J. Revealed: 20 areas of England at most risk of coronavirus resurgence. 11 Jul 2020, https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2020\/jul\/11\/revealed-20-areas-at-most-risk-of-local-lockdowns)"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref083","unstructured":"Scott E. Covid-19 local alert levels: Three-tier system for England. House of Lords Library, 13 Oct 2020, HM Government London"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref084","unstructured":"Ross Clark Should London be split into different tiers? 2020 24 November, The Spectator. [cited 2023 Dec 8]. https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/should-london-be-split-into-different-tiers\/."},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref085","unstructured":"Barber S, Coronavirus: Christmas restrictions, House of Commons Library, Briefing Paper Number 9103, 2020 23 December, [cited 2023 Dec 8]. https:\/\/researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk\/documents\/CBP-9103\/CBP-9103.pdf"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref086","unstructured":"UK Health Security Agency. COVID-19: the green book, chapter 14a. Coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccination information for public health professionals. 27 November 2020, Last updated 4 September 2023, UK Government, London, [cited 2023 Dec 8]. https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/covid-19-the-green-book-chapter-14a"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref087","unstructured":"Behavioural Insights Team. Risky business\u2013COVID-19 risk perception going into summer 2021, Nesta, Blog, 2021 27th May, [cited 2023 Dec 8]. https:\/\/www.bi.team\/blogs\/risky-business-covid-19-risk-perception-going-into-summer-2021\/"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref088","unstructured":"Boris Johnson. PM statement at coronavirus press conference: 19 July 2021. Prime Minister made a statement at the coronavirus press conference. Prime Minister\u2019s Office, 10 Downing Street London, 2021 19 July, [cited 2023 Dec 8]. https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/speeches\/pm-statement-at-coronavirus-press-conference-19-july-2021"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref089","unstructured":"Holt A, Melley J, Burns J. Omicron: Care rationed by a third of councils in sickness spike. BBC News, 2022 13 January, [cited 2023 Dec 8]. https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/health-59983659"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref090","unstructured":"UK Government. COVID-19 Response\u2013Living with COVID-19, Feb 2022, UK Government, London, [cited 2023 Dec 8]. https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/1056229\/COVID-19_Response_-_Living_with_COVID-19.pdf"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-10869-8","article-title":"The impact of COVID-19 social distancing and isolation recommendations for Muslim communities in North West England","volume":"21","author":"SM Hassan","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-12372-6","article-title":"Facilitators and barriers to compliance with COVID-19 guidelines: a structural topic modelling analysis of free-text data from 17,500 UK adults","volume":"22","author":"L Wright","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0239795","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0239795","article-title":"Barriers and facilitators of adherence to social distancing recommendations during COVID-19 among a large international sample of adults","volume":"15","author":"A Coroiu","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref094","first-page":"1","article-title":"Trust in government regarding COVID-19 and its associations with preventive health behaviour and prosocial behaviour during the pandemic: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study","author":"Q Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/glob.12350","article-title":"Transnational life and cross-border immobility in pandemic times","volume":"23","author":"I. Skovgaard-Smith","year":"2023","journal-title":"Global Networks"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"sup1S307","DOI":"10.1080\/14616696.2020.1825767","article-title":"Racist morbidities: a conjunctural analysis of the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"23","author":"K Murji","year":"2021","journal-title":"European Societies"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0301242.ref097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2184","DOI":"10.1111\/ssqu.13010","article-title":"Brexit, COVID-19, and attitudes toward immigration in Britain","volume":"102","author":"M Pickup","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soc Sci Q"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0301242.ref098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000709","article-title":"No body is expendable: Medical rationing and disability justice during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"76","author":"EE Andrews","year":"2021","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0301242.ref099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e254","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00066-4","article-title":"Defining the determinants of vaccine uptake and undervaccination in migrant populations in Europe to improve routine and COVID-19 vaccine uptake: a systematic review","volume":"22","author":"AF Crawshaw","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Lancet Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref100","article-title":"We deserve better: Ethnic minorities with a learning disability and barriers to healthcare","author":"K Umpleby","year":"2023","journal-title":"NHS Race and Health Observatory"},{"volume-title":"Handbook of Migration and the Family","year":"2023","author":"W Kloc-Nowak","key":"pone.0301242.ref101"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e365","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(21)00069-4","article-title":"Mental health and social interactions of older people with physical disabilities in England during the COVID-19 pandemic: a longitudinal cohort study","volume":"6","author":"A Steptoe","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1017\/ipm.2021.37","article-title":"Comorbidity and COVID-19: investigating the relationship between medical and psychological well-being","volume":"38","author":"O Stafford","year":"2021","journal-title":"Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0301242.ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1093\/abm\/kaac023","article-title":"Trajectories of Compliance With COVID-19 Related Guidelines: Longitudinal Analyses of 50,000 UK Adults","volume":"56","author":"L Wright","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annals of Behavioral Medicine"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0301242.ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0258781","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0258781","article-title":"Public perceptions of non-adherence to pandemic protection measures by self and others: A study of COVID-19 in the United Kingdom","volume":"16","author":"SN Williams","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0301242.ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdab005","article-title":"Understanding patterns of adherence to COVID-19 mitigation measures: a qualitative interview study","volume":"43","author":"S Denford","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref107","unstructured":"Haque Z, Becares L, Treloar N. Over Exposed and Under-Protected\u2014The Devastating Impact of COVID-19 on Black and Minority Ethnic Communities in Great Britain. Runnymede Trust and ICM, Kent, June 2020, ISBN: 978-1-909546-35-6"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0301242.ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1177\/00380385211011575","article-title":"Between Post-Racial Ideology and Provincial Universalisms: Critical Race Theory, Decolonial Thought and COVID-19 in Britain","volume":"56","author":"A Meghji","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sociology"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref109","article-title":"Vaccination against COVID-19: Factors that influence vaccine hesitancy among an ethnically diverse community in the UK","volume":"10","author":"EJ Cook","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref110","first-page":"13","article-title":"Self-reported COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and uptake among participants from different racial and ethnic groups in the United States and United Kingdom","author":"LH Nguyen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref111","article-title":"Underlying factors in the willingness to receive and barriers to receiving the COVID-19 vaccine among residents in the UK and Nigeria: a qualitative study","author":"IA Ogueji","year":"2022","journal-title":"Current Psychology"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref112","unstructured":"Lessard-Phillips L, Fu L, Lindenmeyer A, Phillimore J, & Dayoub R. Barrier to wellbeing: Migration and vulnerability during the pandemic. Doctors of the World UK, 2021. [cited 2023 Dec 8]. https:\/\/www.doctorsoftheworld.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Barriers-to-wellbeing-09.21.pdf"},{"key":"pone.0301242.ref113","unstructured":"Fang-Wei W, Aksoy O, Aksoy S, Rivas C. Social support and mental well-being among people with and without chronic illness during the Covid-19 pandemic: Evidence from the longitudinal UCL covid survey BMC Psychology in press."}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0301242","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]],"date-time":"2024-09-19T17:34:52Z","timestamp":1726767292000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0301242"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Szaflarski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]]},"references-count":113,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0301242","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1932-6203"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]]}}}