{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T14:08:03Z","timestamp":1787062083445,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]],"date-time":"2024-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001280","name":"Horserace Betting Levy Board","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Equine Grants"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Equine Grants"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001280","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001332","name":"Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, South Africa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["V1YVM06 AHS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["V1YVM06 AHS"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001332","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    A safe, highly immunogenic multivalent vaccine to protect against all nine serotypes of African horse sickness virus (AHSV), will revolutionise the AHS vaccine industry in endemic countries and beyond. Plant-produced AHS virus-like particles (VLPs) and soluble viral protein 2 (VP2) vaccine candidates were developed that have the potential to protect against all nine serotypes but can equally well be formulated as mono- and bi-valent formulations for localised outbreaks of specific serotypes. In the first interferon \u03b1\/\u03b2 receptor knock-out (IFNAR\n                    <jats:sup>-\/-<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) mice trial conducted, a nine-serotype (nonavalent) vaccine administered as two pentavalent (5 \u03bcg per serotype) vaccines (VLP\/VP2 combination or exclusively VP2), were directly compared to the commercially available AHS live attenuated vaccine. In a follow up trial, mice were vaccinated with an adjuvanted nine-serotype multivalent VP2 vaccine in a prime boost strategy and resulted in the desired neutralising antibody titres of 1:320, previously demonstrated to confer protective immunity in IFNAR\n                    <jats:sup>-\/-<\/jats:sup>\n                    mice. In addition, the plant-produced VP2 vaccine performed favourably when compared to the commercial vaccine. Here we provide compelling data for a nonavalent VP2-based vaccine candidate, with the VP2 from each serotype being antigenically distinguishable based on LC-MS\/MS and ELISA data. This is the first preclinical trial demonstrating the ability of an adjuvanted nonavalent cocktail of soluble, plant-expressed AHS VP2 proteins administered in a prime-boost strategy eliciting high antibody titres against all 9 AHSV serotypes. Furthermore, elevated T helper cells 2 (T\n                    <jats:sub>h<\/jats:sub>\n                    2) and T\n                    <jats:sub>h<\/jats:sub>\n                    1, indicative of humoral and cell-mediated memory T cell immune responses, respectively, were detected in mouse serum collected 14 days after the multivalent prime-boost vaccination. Both T\n                    <jats:sub>h<\/jats:sub>\n                    2 and T\n                    <jats:sub>h<\/jats:sub>\n                    1 may play a role to confer protective immunity. These preclinical immunogenicity studies paved the way to test the safety and protective efficacy of the plant-produced nonavalent VP2 vaccine candidate in the target animals, horses.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0301340","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]],"date-time":"2024-04-16T13:35:06Z","timestamp":1713274506000},"page":"e0301340","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Immunogenic profile of a plant-produced nonavalent African horse sickness viral protein 2 (VP2) vaccine in IFNAR-\/- mice"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3050-7008","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Martha M.","family":"O\u2019Kennedy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robyn","family":"Roth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Ebersohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0954-2976","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lissinda H.","family":"du Plessis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sipho","family":"Mamputha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daria A.","family":"Rutkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilse","family":"du Preez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan A.","family":"Verschoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yolandy","family":"Lemmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0301340.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1996.0028","article-title":"Orbivirus structure and assembly","volume":"216","author":"P. 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