{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T16:27:18Z","timestamp":1791908838941,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,25]],"date-time":"2024-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714003200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["the BK21 Plus Education Program"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["the BK21 Plus Education Program"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["the BK21 Plus Education Program"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["the BK21 Plus Education Program"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NRF-2018R1C1B6008822"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2018R1C1B6008822"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Yonsei University Research Fund","award":["2023-22-0159"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-22-0159"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Water intake has been suggested to be associated with weight control, but evidence for optimal water intake in terms of amount, timing, and temperature is sparse. Additionally, genetic predisposition to obesity, which affects satiety and energy expenditure, might interact with water intake in regulating individual adiposity risk. We conducted a cross-sectional study recruiting 172 Korean adults. Information on water intake and lifestyle factors was collected through self-reported questionnaires, and height, weight, and waist circumference (WC) were measured by researchers. The oral buccal swab was performed for genotyping of <jats:italic>FTO<\/jats:italic> rs9939609, <jats:italic>MC4R<\/jats:italic> rs17782313, <jats:italic>BDNF<\/jats:italic> rs6265 and genetic risk of obesity was calculated. Linear regression was performed to estimate mean difference in body mass index (BMI) and WC by water intake and its 95% confidence interval (95% CI). As a sensitivity analysis, logistic regression was performed to estimate odds ratio (OR) of obesity\/overweight (BMI of \u226523kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>; WC of \u226590cm for men and of \u226580cm for women) and its 95% CI. Drinking &gt;1L\/day was significantly associated with higher BMI (mean difference: 0.90, 95% CI 0.09, 1.72) and WC (mean difference: 3.01, 95% CI 0.62, 5.41) compared with drinking \u22641L\/day. Independent of total water intake, drinking before bedtime was significantly associated with lower BMI (mean difference: -0.98, 95% CI -1.91, -0.05). The results remained consistent when continuous BMI and WC were analyzed as categorical outcomes. By perceived temperature, drinking &gt;1L\/day of cold water was associated with higher BMI and WC compared with drinking \u22641L\/day of water at room-temperature. By genetic predisposition to obesity, a positive association between water intake and WC was confined to participants with low genetic risk of obesity (P interaction = 0.04). In conclusion, amount, timing, and perceived temperature of water intake may be associated with adiposity risk and the associations might vary according to genetic predisposition to obesity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0301373","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,25]],"date-time":"2024-04-25T17:44:15Z","timestamp":1714067055000},"page":"e0301373","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Water intake and obesity: By amount, timing, and perceived temperature of drinking water"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Jaewon","family":"Khil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiao-Yi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong 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