{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T15:08:27Z","timestamp":1787238507807,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]],"date-time":"2024-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The integration of renewable energy systems into electricity grids is a solution for strengthening electricity distribution networks (SEDNs). Renewable energies such as solar photovoltaics are suitable for reinforcing a low-voltage line by offering an electrical energy storage system. However, the integration of photovoltaic systems can lead to problems of harmonic distortion due to the presence of direct current or non-linear feedback in networks from other sources. Therefore, connection standards exist to ensure the quality of the energy before injection at a point of common coupling (PCC). In this work, particle swarm optimization (PSO) is used to control a boost converter and to evaluate the power losses and the harmonic distortion rate. The test on the IEEE 14 bus standard makes it possible to determine the allocation or integration nodes for other sources such as biomass, wind or hydrogen generators, in order to limit the impact of harmonic disturbances (LIHs). The evaluation of the harmonic distortion rate, the power losses as well as the determination of the system size is done using an objective function defined based on the integration and optimization constraints of the system. The proposed model performs better since the grid current and voltage are stabilized in phase after the photovoltaic source is injected.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0301516","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]],"date-time":"2024-04-03T13:36:41Z","timestamp":1712151401000},"page":"e0301516","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Optimal sizing and power losses reduction of photovoltaic systems using PSO and LCL filters"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Mohammed","family":"F. Elnaggar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armel","family":"Duvalier P\u00e9n\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Boussaibo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrice","family":"Tsegaing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alain","family":"Foutche Tchouli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0160-010X","authenticated-orcid":true,"family":"Kitmo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fab\u00e9","family":"Idrissa Barro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0301516.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wds.2023.100059","article-title":"Dynamic impacts of economic growth, energy use, tourism, and agricultural productivity on carbon dioxide emissions in Egypt","volume":"2","author":"A. Raihan","year":"2023","journal-title":"World Dev. Sustain."},{"key":"pone.0301516.ref002","first-page":"79588","article-title":"Grid-Connected Solar PV Power Plants Optimization: A Review","author":"T. E. K. Zidane","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Access, vol. 11. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc."},{"key":"pone.0301516.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.erss.2020.101876","article-title":"Co-production in the wind energy sector: A systematic literature review of public engagement beyond invited stakeholder participation","volume":"72","author":"H. Solman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Res. Soc. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0301516.ref004","first-page":"305","article-title":"Optimization of the photovoltaic systems on the North Cameroon interconnected electrical grid,\u201d Int","volume":"13","author":"G. Kitmo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Energy Environ. Eng. 2021 131"},{"key":"pone.0301516.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2021.07.103","article-title":"Optimization of the power flow of photovoltaic generators in electrical networks by MPPT algorithm and parallel active filters","volume":"7","author":"R. Kitmo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Reports"},{"key":"pone.0301516.ref006","article-title":"IEEE Recommended Practice for Utility Interconnection of Small Wind Energy Conversion Systems","author":"S. Wind","year":"1987","journal-title":"ANSI\/IEEE Std 1021\u20131988, p. 0_1"},{"key":"pone.0301516.ref007","volume":"2000","author":"I. Standard","year":"1991","journal-title":"929\u20132000\u2014IEEE Recommended Practice for Utility Interface of Photovoltaic (PV) Systems"},{"key":"pone.0301516.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2022.06.093","article-title":"Optimal sizing of hybrid Systems for Power loss Reduction and Voltage improvement using PSO algorithm: Case study of Guissia Rural Grid","volume":"8","author":"R. Djidimb\u00e9l\u00e9","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Reports"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0301516.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1109\/TSTE.2014.2371925","article-title":"A Parallel Capacitor Control Strategy for Enhanced FRT Capability of DFIG","volume":"6","author":"M. S. Huchel","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy"},{"key":"pone.0301516.ref010","article-title":"Reconfigurable high step-up DC to DC converter for microgrid applications","author":"N. Tewari","year":"2023","journal-title":"IET Power Electron."},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0301516.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.4236\/sgre.2023.149010","article-title":"Optimal Placement and Sizing of Distributed Generations for Power Losses Minimization Using PSO-Based Deep Learning Techniques","volume":"14","author":"B.-P. Ngoussandou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Smart Grid Renew. Energy"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0301516.ref012","first-page":"1","article-title":"Optimal energy scheduling method for the North Cameroonian interconnected grid in response to load shedding","volume":"10","author":"B.-P. Ngoussandou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustain. Energy Res."},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0301516.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.4236\/jpee.2021.911003","article-title":"Optimization PV\/Batteries System: Application in Wouro Kessoum Village Ngaoundere Cameroon","volume":"9","author":"S. Alphonse","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Power Energy Eng."},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0301516.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e21488","article-title":"Genetic algorithm optimization of heliostat field layout for the design of a central receiver solar thermal power plant","volume":"9","author":"M. Haris","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0301516.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2012.2190374","article-title":"Hybrid Voltage and Current Control Approach for DG-Grid Interfacing Converters With LCL filters","volume":"60","author":"J. He","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0301516.ref016","first-page":"814","article-title":"Optimization of the smart grids connected using an improved P&O MPPT algorithm and parallel active filters","volume":"6","author":"K., G. B TCHAYA","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sol. Energy Res."},{"key":"pone.0301516.ref017","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mitigation of circulating current and common mode voltage in grid-connected induction motor drive using modified PID-fuzzy controller","author":"S. Usha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Multiscale Multidiscip. Model. Exp. Des."},{"key":"pone.0301516.ref018","article-title":"Grid-connected Solar PV power plants optimization: A review","author":"T. E. K. Zidane","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"pone.0301516.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2021.09.075","article-title":"New intelligent direct power control of DFIG-based wind conversion system by using machine learning under variations of all operating and compensation modes","volume":"7","author":"Y. Sahri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Reports"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0301516.ref020","first-page":"231","article-title":"An improved particle swarm optimization algorithm","volume":"193","author":"Y. Jiang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Math. Comput."},{"key":"pone.0301516.ref021","first-page":"1","article-title":"Improvement of power quality in grid connected renewable energy systems using passive filters","author":"S. Kitmo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Multiscale Multidiscip. Model. Exp. Des."},{"issue":"16","key":"pone.0301516.ref022","first-page":"5926","article-title":"Review of Estimating and Predicting Models of the Wind Energy Amount","volume":"1616","author":"B.-J. Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energies"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0301516.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7891","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-021-06357-1","article-title":"Principle Parameters and Environmental Impacts that Affect the Performance of Wind Turbine: An Overview","volume":"47","author":"M. B. A. Bashir","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arab. J. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"pone.0301516.ref024","first-page":"1","article-title":"Optimization of hybrid grid-tie wind solar power system for large-scale energy supply in Cameroon","author":"Int","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Energy Environ. Eng"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0301516.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.4236\/sgre.2023.144004","article-title":"Energy Efficiency in Periods of Load Shedding and Detrimental Effects of Energy Dependence in the City of Maroua, Cameroon","volume":"14","author":"N. Bello-Pierre","year":"2023","journal-title":"Smart Grid Renew. Energy"},{"key":"pone.0301516.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924285","DOI":"10.3389\/fenrg.2022.924285","article-title":"An Experimental and Case Study on the Evaluation of the Partial Shading Impact on PV Module Performance Operating Under the Sudano-Sahelian Climate of Cameroon","volume":"10","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Energy Res."},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0301516.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0277900","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0277900","article-title":"A new hybrid optimization approach using PSO, Nelder-Mead Simplex and Kmeans clustering algorithms for 1D Full Waveform Inversion","volume":"17","author":"R. A. Nascimento","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0301516.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3551","DOI":"10.1002\/cta.3362","article-title":"A capacitor based single source MLI with natural balancing and less component for EV\/HEV application","volume":"50","author":"K. Aditya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Circuit Theory Appl."},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0301516.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0287772","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0287772","article-title":"Design and analysis of photovoltaic\/wind operations at MPPT for hydrogen production using a PEM electrolyzer: Towards innovations in green technology","volume":"18","author":"M. Awad","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0301516.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asej.2022.102047","article-title":"Robust control of adaptive power quality compensator in Multi-Microgrids for power quality enhancement using puzzle optimization algorithm","volume":"14","author":"H. F. Sindi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ain Shams Eng. J."},{"key":"pone.0301516.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/6770322","article-title":"Intelligent Approach for Control Techniques Based on Complex Converter Structures","volume":"2023","author":"S. Kitmo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Energy Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0301516.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e97822","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0097822","article-title":"Particle Swarm Optimization with Scale-Free Interactions","volume":"9","author":"C. Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0301516.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106859","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3317980","article-title":"Operation of Grid-Connected PV System with ANN-Based MPPT and an Optimized LCL Filter Using GRG Algorithm for Enhanced Power Quality","volume":"11","author":"N. F. Ibrahim","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0301516.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0296988","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0296988","article-title":"Optimal allocation of distributed energy storage systems to enhance voltage stability and minimize total cost","volume":"19","author":"R. M. Hany","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0301516.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0287136","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0287136","article-title":"Implementation of hybrid optimized battery controller and advanced power management control strategy in a renewable energy integrated DC microgrid","volume":"18","author":"K. Al sumarmad","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0304568","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716422400000}},{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0351344","type":"expression_of_concern","label":"Expression of concern","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781136000000}}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0301516","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]],"date-time":"2024-04-03T13:37:22Z","timestamp":1712151442000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0301516"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Vedik","family":"Basetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0301516","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]]}}}