{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T11:15:39Z","timestamp":1792062939427,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]],"date-time":"2024-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712275200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Globally, undernutrition is the leading cause of mortality among under-five children. Bangladesh and India were in the top ten countries in the world for under-five mortality. The aim of the study was to investigate the nutritional status of Bengali under-five children.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Data on 25938 under-five children were retrieved from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2017\u201318 (BDHS) and the National Family Health Survey of India 2015\u201316 (NFHS-4). Stunting, wasting, underweight and thinness were considered to understand the nutritional status of under-five children. Binary logistic regression was used to identify associated factors of undernutrition among children.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Over one-quarter of Bengali under-five children were found to be suffering from the problem of stunting (31.9%) and underweight (28.1%), while other nutritional indicators raised serious concern and revealed inter-country disparities. In the cases of wasting, underweight and thinness, the mean z-scores and frequency differences between Bangladesh and India were significant. The nutritional status of Bengali under-five children appeared to have improved in Bangladesh compared to India. Child undernutrition had significant relations with maternal undernutrition in both countries. Girls in Bangladesh had slightly better nutritional status than boys. In Bangladesh, lack of formal education among mothers was a leading cause of child undernutrition. Stunting and underweight coexist with low household wealth index in both counties.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The research revealed that various factors were associated with child undernutrition in Bengalis. It has been proposed that programmes promoting maternal education and nutrition, along with household wealth index be prioritised. The study recommends that the Governments of Bangladesh and India should increase the budget for health of children so as to reach the sustainable development goals.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0301808","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]],"date-time":"2024-04-05T16:13:26Z","timestamp":1712333606000},"page":"e0301808","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Burden of undernutrition among under-five Bengali children and its determinants: Findings from Demographic and Health Surveys of Bangladesh and India"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Ramendra Nath","family":"Kundu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3822-5489","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Md. Golam","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. Ahshanul","family":"Haque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9788-1868","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rashidul Alam","family":"Mahumud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manoranjan","family":"Pal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Premananda","family":"Bharati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0301808.ref001","unstructured":"UNICEF. UNICEF Data: Monitoring the situation of children and women: Malnutrition. UNICEF for every child2021. https:\/\/data.unicef.org\/topic\/nutrition\/malnutrition\/."},{"key":"pone.0301808.ref002","volume-title":"The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2021","author":"UN","year":"2021"},{"key":"pone.0301808.ref003","volume-title":"Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 25 September 2015: Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development","author":"UN","year":"2015"},{"key":"pone.0301808.ref004","volume-title":"Levels and trends in child malnutrition: key findings of the 2021 edition of the joint child malnutrition estimates","author":"UNICEF\/WHO\/WBG","year":"2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0301808.ref005","article-title":"Effectiveness of Interventions for Managing Acute Malnutrition in Children under Five Years of Age in Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"12","author":"JK Das","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"pone.0301808.ref006","volume-title":"Children: improving survival and well-being","author":"WHO","year":"2020"},{"key":"pone.0301808.ref007","volume-title":"Census of India 2011: Paper 1 of 2018 \u2013Language, States and Union Territories, Table C-16","author":"RGI","year":"2018"},{"key":"pone.0301808.ref008","volume-title":"Bangladesh Population and Housing Census 2011: National Report\u2014Union Statistics","author":"BBS","year":"2014"},{"key":"pone.0301808.ref009","volume-title":"Health, safety, and nutrition for the young child","author":"LR Marotz","year":"2012"},{"key":"pone.0301808.ref010","volume-title":"Child Nutrition","author":"C Arora","year":"2009"},{"key":"pone.0301808.ref011","volume-title":"Malnutrition: quantifying the health impact at national and local levels \/ Monika Bl\u00f6ssner and Mercedes de Onis","author":"M Bl\u00f6sner","year":"2005"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0301808.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-13170-4","article-title":"Prevalence of child undernutrition measures and their spatio-demographic inequalities in Bangladesh: an application of multilevel Bayesian modelling","volume":"22","author":"S Das","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0301808.ref013","article-title":"Social determinants of inequalities in child undernutrition in Bangladesh: A decomposition analysis","volume":"14","author":"TM Huda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Matern Child Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0301808.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13197","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.13197","article-title":"Multilevel analysis of geographic variation among correlates of child undernutrition in India","volume":"17","author":"A Jain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Matern Child Nutr"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0301808.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2129416","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.29416","article-title":"Estimating the Burden of Child Undernutrition for Smaller Electoral Units in India","volume":"4","author":"J Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0301808.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0211875","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0211875","article-title":"Trends and future of maternal and child health in Bangladesh","volume":"14","author":"S Rajia","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0301808.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4558","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-83992-6","article-title":"Small area variation in child undernutrition across 640 districts and 543 parliamentary constituencies in India","volume":"11","author":"S Rajpal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0301808.ref018","volume-title":"WHO Child Growth Standards: Length\/height-for-age, weight-for-age, weight-for-length, weight-for-height and body mass index-for-age: Methods and development","author":"WHO","year":"2006"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0301808.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1177\/1367493520909665","article-title":"Distribution of wealth-stratified inequalities on maternal and child health parameters and influences of maternal-related factors on improvements in child health survival rate in Bangladesh","volume":"25","author":"RA Mahumud","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Child Health Care"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0301808.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e017084","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-017084","article-title":"Determinants of severe acute malnutrition among children under 5 years of age in Nepal: a community-based case-control study","volume":"7","author":"NK Pravana","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0301808.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1002\/hpm.2918","article-title":"Inequality of childhood undernutrition in Bangladesh: A decomposition approach","volume":"35","author":"AR Sarker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Health Plann Manage"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0301808.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1177\/1367493519852486","article-title":"Infant and young child feeding practice, dietary diversity, associated predictors, and child health outcomes in Bangladesh","volume":"24","author":"N Sheikh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Child Health Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0301808.ref023","article-title":"Coverage, Timelines, and Determinants of Incomplete Immunization in Bangladesh","volume":"3","author":"N Sheikh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0301808.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0210433","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210433","article-title":"Prevalence, determinants and health care-seeking behavior of childhood acute respiratory tract infections in Bangladesh","volume":"14","author":"M Sultana","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"9403","key":"pone.0301808.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)15268-3","article-title":"Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies","volume":"363","author":"Consultation WHOE","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pone.0301808.ref026","volume-title":"Nutrition Landscape Information System (NLIS) country profile indicators: interpretation guide","author":"WHO","year":"2010"},{"key":"pone.0301808.ref027","volume-title":"Nutrition Landscape Information System (NLiS) country profile indicators: interpretation guide","author":"WHO","year":"2019","edition":"2"},{"key":"pone.0301808.ref028","first-page":"4","article-title":"Maternal obesity and its association with the mode of delivery and the neonatal outcome in induced labour: Implications for midwifery practice","volume":"2","author":"A Angeliki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Midwifery"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0301808.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2017.5535","article-title":"Roles of Birth Mode and Infant Gut Microbiota in Intergenerational Transmission of Overweight and Obesity From Mother to Offspring","volume":"172","author":"HM Tun","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0301808.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e030894","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-030894","article-title":"Risk factors and regional variations of malnutrition among children under 5 in Myanmar: cross-sectional analyses at national and subnational levels","volume":"9","author":"HT Khaing","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0301808.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-6688-2","article-title":"Determinants of stunting, underweight and wasting among children < 5 years of age: evidence from 2012\u20132013 Pakistan demographic and health survey","volume":"19","author":"S Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0301808.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13074","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.13074","article-title":"Factors associated with concurrent wasting and stunting among children 6\u201359 months in Karamoja, Uganda","volume":"17","author":"GA Odei Obeng-Amoako","year":"2021","journal-title":"Matern Child Nutr"},{"key":"pone.0301808.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.21467\/ajgr.2.1.12-24","article-title":"Statistical Analysis on Nutritional Status and its Associated Factors of Under Five Years Children in Nepal","volume":"2","author":"H Upadhyay","year":"2017","journal-title":"Advanced Journal of Graduate Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0301808.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12617","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.12617","article-title":"A review of child stunting determinants in Indonesia","volume":"14","author":"T Beal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Matern Child Nutr"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0301808.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0238191","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0238191","article-title":"Explaining changes in wealth inequalities in child health: The case of stunting and wasting in Nigeria","volume":"15","author":"CO Nwosu","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0301808.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0204142","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204142","article-title":"Double burden of malnutrition among children under 5 in poor areas of China","volume":"13","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0301808.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622660","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.622660","article-title":"Measuring Wasting and Stunting Prevalence Among Children Under 5 Years of Age and Associated Risk Factors in Papua New Guinea: New Evidence From the Comprehensive Health and Epidemiological Surveillance System","volume":"8","author":"BN Pham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0301808.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-021-01478-3","article-title":"Dynamics of inequality in child under-nutrition in Ethiopia","volume":"20","author":"M Yayo Negasi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0301808.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e203386","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.3386","article-title":"Factors Associated With Child Stunting, Wasting, and Underweight in 35 Low- and Middle-Income Countries","volume":"3","author":"Z Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"pone.0301808.ref040","volume-title":"Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2017\u201318","author":"NIPORT, ICF","year":"2020"},{"key":"pone.0301808.ref041","volume-title":"National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4), 2015\u201316: India","author":"IIPS, ICF","year":"2017"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0301808","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]],"date-time":"2024-04-05T16:13:56Z","timestamp":1712333636000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0301808"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Dev Ram","family":"Sunuwar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0301808","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]]}}}