{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T18:47:44Z","timestamp":1792176464488,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]],"date-time":"2024-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712620800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The negative effects of alcohol use can transmit intergenerational harm if alcohol use disorder (AUD) occurs during pregnancy and\/or while parenting a child. Prenatal alcohol exposure is the leading preventable cause of congenital anomalies in the USA, and heavy drinking in women has been on the rise, further accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic. This study describes the most recent patterns in the past year AUD prevalence and treatment among reproductive-aged women, with a specific focus on pregnant and parenting women, and barriers to treatment among those affected. We analyzed data on reproductive-age women from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2015\u20132021). We used generalized linear models to estimate prevalence ratios (PR) for past 12-month AUD and its treatment based on DSM-V criteria. We considered sociodemographic characteristics, including age, race\/ethnicity, income, health insurance type, and arrest history. Pregnant and parenting women displayed lower risk for AUD (PR = 0.48, 95% CI:0.41\u20130.57; PR = 0.5 95% CI:0.48\u20130.54, respectively) relative to non-pregnant\/non-parenting women. Excess risk for AUD was associated with education (some college vs. college graduates, PR = 1.07, 95% CI:1.01\u20131.13) and history of arrests (PR = 2.93, 95% CI:2.67\u20133.21). There were no clear differences in AUD treatment use based on parenting or pregnancy status. Among those with AUD, the prevalence of treatment was higher among individuals aged 35\u201349 years compared to those 18\u201325 years (PR = 1.6, 95% CI: 1.19\u20132.14) and in those enrolled in Medicaid vs. private insurance (PR = 2.62, 95%CI:1.97\u20133.47). Financial barriers and treatment not being a priority were the most frequently reported barriers to treatment. To promote well-being among parents and their children, healthcare providers should prioritize reproductive-age women at higher AUD risk. Decreasing the stigma attached to AUD and intensifying efforts to educate women about the dangers of AUD may improve treatment use among pregnant and parenting women.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0301810","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]],"date-time":"2024-04-09T14:02:40Z","timestamp":1712671360000},"page":"e0301810","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Unmet need for alcohol use disorder treatment in reproductive-age females, with emphasis on pregnant and parenting populations in the United States: Findings from NSDUH 2015\u20132021"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0277-5745","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anna","family":"Shchetinina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Slopen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0301810.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2148","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15036","article-title":"Alcohol use in pregnancy and its impact on the mother and child","volume":"115","author":"JL Oei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"pone.0301810.ref002","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).","year":"2021","journal-title":"Excessive alcohol use is a risk to women\u2019s health"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0301810.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-3113","article-title":"Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders.","volume":"136","author":"JF Williams","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"pone.0301810.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.03.027","article-title":"The relation of parent alcohol disorder to young adult drinking outcomes mediated by parenting: Effects of developmentally limited versus persistent parent alcohol disorder","volume":"188","author":"A Sternberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"pone.0301810.ref005","author":"F Shank","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child Outcomes of Having a Parent with an AUD"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0301810.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002954","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002954","article-title":"Heavy and binge alcohol drinking and parenting status in the United States from 2006 to 2018: An analysis of nationally representative cross-sectional surveys.","volume":"16","author":"S McKetta","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0301810.ref007","first-page":"171","article-title":"Changes in Alcohol Use Patterns in the United States During COVID-19 Pandemic.","volume":"119","author":"N Boschuetz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wmj."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0301810.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1177\/088610999701200407","article-title":"Ladies Don\u2019t: A Historical Perspective on Attitudes Toward Alcoholic Women.","volume":"12","author":"CS Carter","year":"1997","journal-title":"Affilia."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0301810.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13965","article-title":"Gender Differences in Use of Alcohol Treatment Services and Reasons for Nonuse in a National Sample","volume":"43","author":"PA Gilbert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research"},{"key":"pone.0301810.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.107679","article-title":"Unmet substance use disorder treatment need among reproductive age women","volume":"206","author":"CE Martin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug and alcohol dependence"},{"key":"pone.0301810.ref011","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Service Administration (SAMHSA). National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) [Available from: https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/data\/data-we-collect\/nsduh-national-survey-drug-use-and-health."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0301810.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.2954","article-title":"Association Between Workplace Absenteeism and Alcohol Use Disorder From the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015\u20132019.","volume":"5","author":"IC Parsley","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA network open."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0301810.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1111\/jrh.12488","article-title":"Substance Use Disorder Treatment, Perceived Need for Treatment, and Barriers to Treatment Among Parenting Women With Substance Use Disorder in US Rural Counties.","volume":"38","author":"MM Ali","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Journal of rural health"},{"key":"pone.0301810.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.04.027","article-title":"Risk factors for alcohol use among pregnant women, ages 15\u201344, in the United States, 2002 to 2017.","volume":"124","author":"D Shmulewitz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Preventive medicine."},{"key":"pone.0301810.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.10.042","article-title":"The Widening Gender Gap in Marijuana Use Prevalence in the U.S. during a Period of Economic Change, 2002\u20132014","volume":"170","author":"H Carliner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug and alcohol dependence"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0301810.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2018.18050632","article-title":"Protective Effects of Pregnancy on Risk of Alcohol Use Disorder","volume":"176","author":"AC Edwards","year":"2018","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0301810.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2012.08.002","article-title":"Gender-specific predictors of risky alcohol use among general hospital inpatients","volume":"35","author":"I Schnuerer","year":"2013","journal-title":"General hospital psychiatry"},{"issue":"suppl_1","key":"pone.0301810.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i26","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agl073","article-title":"Social inequalities in alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems in the study countries of the EU concerted action \u2018Gender, Culture and Alcohol Problems: a Multi-national Study\u2019.","volume":"41","author":"K Bloomfield","year":"2006","journal-title":"Alcohol and alcoholism."},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0301810.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14082","article-title":"Is there a recent epidemic of women\u2019s drinking? 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Washington, District of Columbia: The National Academies Press; 2019."},{"key":"pone.0301810.ref046","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alcohol Use in Pregnancy"},{"key":"pone.0301810.ref047","article-title":"My partner and my neighbourhood: The built environment and social networks\u2019 impact on alcohol consumption during early pregnancy.","volume":"61","author":"JA Ortega-Garc\u00eda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health & place"},{"key":"pone.0301810.ref048","article-title":"Supportive alcohol policy as a key element of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder prevention","volume":"19","author":"L Wolfson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"pone.0301810.ref049","author":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA)","journal-title":"NIAAA Recovery Research Definitions"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0301810","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]],"date-time":"2024-04-09T14:03:06Z","timestamp":1712671386000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0301810"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Lakshit","family":"Jain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0301810","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]]}}}