{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T11:22:45Z","timestamp":1781954565462,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714608000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Kidney stones form when mineral salts crystallize in the urinary tract. While most stones exit the body in the urine stream, some can block the ureteropelvic junction or ureters, leading to severe lower back pain, blood in the urine, vomiting, and painful urination. Imaging technologies, such as X-rays or ureterorenoscopy (URS), are typically used to detect kidney stones. Subsequently, these stones are fragmented into smaller pieces using shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) or laser URS. Both treatments yield subtly different patient outcomes. To predict successful stone removal and complication outcomes, Artificial Neural Network models were trained on 15,126 SWL and 2,116 URS patient records. These records include patient metrics like Body Mass Index and age, as well as treatment outcomes obtained using various medical instruments and healthcare professionals. Due to the low number of outcome failures in the data (e.g., treatment complications), Nearest Neighbor and Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE) models were implemented to improve prediction accuracies. To reduce noise in the predictions, ensemble modeling was employed. The average prediction accuracies based on Confusion Matrices for SWL stone removal and treatment complications were 84.8% and 95.0%, respectively, while those for URS were 89.0% and 92.2%, respectively. The average prediction accuracies for SWL based on Area-Under-the-Curve were 74.7% and 62.9%, respectively, while those for URS were 77.2% and 78.9%, respectively. Taken together, the approach yielded moderate to high accurate predictions, regardless of treatment or outcome. These models were incorporated into a Stone Decision Engine web application (<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/peteranoble.com\/webapps.html\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/peteranoble.com\/webapps.html<\/jats:ext-link>) that suggests the best interventions to healthcare providers based on individual patient metrics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0301812","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T17:33:36Z","timestamp":1714671216000},"page":"e0301812","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Stone decision engine accurately predicts stone removal and treatment complications for shock wave lithotripsy and laser ureterorenoscopy patients"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6013-2588","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Peter A.","family":"Noble","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blake D.","family":"Hamilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glenn","family":"Gerber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"pone.0301812.ref001","first-page":"e86","article-title":"Kidney stones: a global picture of prevalence, incidence, and associated risk factors","volume":"12","author":"V Romero","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev Urol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0301812.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2012.03.052","article-title":"Prevalence of kidney stones in the United States","volume":"62","author":"CD Scales","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0301812.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.13251215","article-title":"Urinary Stone Disease: Advancing Knowledge, Patient Care, and Population Health","volume":"11","author":"CD Scales","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"pone.0301812.ref004","article-title":"Urinary Stones and Intervention Quality of Life (USIQoL): Development and Validation of a New Core Universal Patient-reported Outcome Measure for Urinary Calculi","volume":"8","author":"HB Joshi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Urol Focus"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0301812.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.15171\/jnp.2017.11","article-title":"Nephrolithiasis in elderly population; 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