{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T15:30:19Z","timestamp":1772465419009,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,30]],"date-time":"2024-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717027200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004071","name":"Khon Kaen University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FF65"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FF65"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004071","name":"Khon Kaen University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["651H112"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["651H112"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:italic>Opisthorchis viverrini<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>viverrini<\/jats:italic>, Ov) infection and consumption of high-fat and high-fructose (HFF) diet exacerbate liver and kidney disease. Here, we investigated the effects of a combination of <jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>viverrini<\/jats:italic> infection and HFF diet on kidney pathology via changes in the gut microbiome and host proteome in hamsters.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methodology\/Principal findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Twenty animals were divided into four groups; 1) fed a normal diet not infected with <jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>viverrini<\/jats:italic> (normal group), 2) fed an HFF diet and not infected with <jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>viverrini<\/jats:italic> (HFF), 3) fed a normal diet and infected with <jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>viverrini<\/jats:italic> (Ov), and 4) fed an HFF diet and infected with <jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>viverrini<\/jats:italic> (HFFOv). DNA was extracted from fecal samples and the V3\u2013V4 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequenced on an Illumina MiSeq sequencing platform. In addition, LC\/MS-MS analysis was done. Histopathological studies and biochemical assays were also conducted. The results indicated that the HFFOv group exhibited the most severe kidney injury, manifested as elevated KIM-1 expression and accumulation of fibrosis in kidney tissue. The microbiome of the HFFOv group was more diverse than in the HFF group: there were increased numbers of <jats:italic>Ruminococcaceae<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Lachnospiraceae<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Desulfovibrionaceae<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Akkermansiaceae<\/jats:italic>, but fewer <jats:italic>Eggerthellaceae<\/jats:italic>. In total, 243 host proteins were identified across all groups. Analysis using STITCH predicted that host proteome changes may lead to leaking of the gut, allowing molecules such as soluble CD14 and p-cresol to pass through to promote kidney disease. In addition, differential expression of TGF-beta-activated kinase 1 and MAP3K7-binding protein 2 (Tab2, involving renal inflammation and injury) are predicted to be associated with kidney disease.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions\/Significance<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The combination of HFF diet and <jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>viverrini<\/jats:italic> infection may promote kidney injury through alterations in the gut microbiome and host proteome. This knowledge may suggest an effective strategy to prevent kidney disease beyond the early stages.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0301907","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,30]],"date-time":"2024-05-30T17:30:03Z","timestamp":1717090203000},"page":"e0301907","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Metagenomics and metaproteomics alterations are associated with kidney disease in opisthorchiasis hamsters fed a high-fat and high-fructose 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