{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T04:19:48Z","timestamp":1784693988002,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]],"date-time":"2024-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018931","name":"Department of Human Resources and Social Security of Henan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CKQ20220001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CKQ20220001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018931","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Atherosclerosis (AS) is a primary contributor to cardiovascular disease, leading to significant global mortality rates. Developing effective diagnostic indicators and models for AS holds the potential to substantially reduce the fatalities and disabilities associated with cardiovascular disease. Blood sample analysis has emerged as a promising avenue for facilitating diagnosis and assessing disease prognosis. Nonetheless, it lacks an accurate model or tool for AS diagnosis. Hence, the principal objective of this study is to develop a convenient, simple, and accurate model for the early detection of AS.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We downloaded the expression data of blood samples from GEO databases. By dividing the mean values of housekeeping genes (meanHGs) and applying the comBat function, we aimed to reduce the batch effect. After separating the datasets into training, evaluation, and testing sets, we applied differential expression analyses (DEA) between AS and control samples from the training dataset. Then, a gradient-boosting model was used to evaluate the importance of genes and identify the hub genes. Using different machine learning algorithms, we constructed a prediction model with the highest accuracy in the testing dataset. Finally, we make the machine learning models publicly accessible by shiny app construction.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Seven datasets (GSE9874, GSE12288, GSE20129, GSE23746, GSE27034, GSE90074, and GSE202625), including 403 samples with AS and 325 healthy subjects, were obtained by comprehensive searching and filtering by specific requirements. The batch effect was successfully removed by dividing the meanHGs and applying the comBat function. 331 genes were found to be related to atherosclerosis by the DEA analysis between AS and health samples. The top 6 genes with the highest importance values from the gradient boosting model were identified. Out of the seven machine learning algorithms tested, the random forest model exhibited the most impressive performance in the testing datasets, achieving an accuracy exceeding 0.8. While the batch effect reduction analysis in our study could have contributed to the increased accuracy values, our comparison results further highlight the superiority of our model over the genes provided in published studies. This underscores the effectiveness of our approach in delivering superior predictive performance. The machine-learning models were then uploaded to the Shiny app\u2019s server, making it easy for users to distinguish AS samples from normal samples.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A prognostic Shiny application, built upon six potential atherosclerosis-associated genes, has been developed, offering an accurate diagnosis of atherosclerosis.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0301912","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]],"date-time":"2024-04-10T17:36:01Z","timestamp":1712770561000},"page":"e0301912","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Online application for the diagnosis of atherosclerosis by six genes"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Zunlan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shouhang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongzhao","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weile","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weili","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yixin","family":"Si","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liuyi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0907-1562","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiqing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0301912.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-11-117","article-title":"Immunity, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease","volume":"11","author":"J Frosteg\u00e5rd","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"pone.0301912.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1038\/35025203","article-title":"Atherosclerosis","volume":"407","author":"AJ Lusis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pone.0301912.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.813984","article-title":"Where the Action Is\u2014Leukocyte Recruitment in Atherosclerosis","volume":"8","author":"C Mauersberger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine"},{"key":"pone.0301912.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-9560-1-4","article-title":"Risk factors in coronary atherosclerosis athero-inflammation: the meeting point","volume":"1","author":"R. 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