{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T23:11:10Z","timestamp":1765667470885,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]],"date-time":"2024-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Equid alphaherpesviruses 1 (EHV-1) and 4 (EHV-4) are closely related and both endemic in horses worldwide. Both viruses replicate in the upper respiratory tract, but EHV-1 may additionally lead to abortion and equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (EHM). We focused on antibody responses in horses against the receptor-binding glycoprotein D of EHV-1 (gD1), which shares a 77% amino acid identity with its counterpart in EHV-4 (gD4). Both antigens give rise to cross-reacting antibodies, including neutralizing antibodies. However, immunity against EHV-4 is not considered protective against EHM. While a diagnostic ELISA to discriminate between EHV-1 and EHV-4 infections is available based on type-specific fragments of glycoprotein G (gG1 and gG4, respectively), the type-specific antibody reaction against gD1 has not yet been sufficiently addressed. Starting from the N-terminus of gD1, we developed luciferase immunoprecipitation system (LIPS) assays, using gD1-fragments of increasing size as antigens, i.e. gD1_83 (comprising the first 83 amino acids), gD1_160, gD1_180, and gD1_402 (the full-length molecule). These assays were then used to analyse panels of horse sera from Switzerland (n = 60) and Iceland (n = 50), the latter of which is considered EHV-1 free. We detected only one true negative horse serum from Iceland, whereas all other sera in both panels were seropositive for both gG4 (ELISA) and gD1 (LIPS against gD1_402). In contrast, seropositivity against gG1 was rather rare (35% Swiss sera; 14% Icelandic sera). Therefore, a high percentage of antibodies against gD1 could be attributed to cross-reaction and due to EHV-4 infections. In contrast, the gD1_83 fragment was able to identify sera with type-specific antibodies against gD1. Interestingly, those sera stemmed almost exclusively from vaccinated horses. Although it is uncertain that the N-terminal epitopes of gD1 addressed in this communication are linked to better protection, we suggest that in future vaccine developments, type-common antigens should be avoided, while a broad range of type-specific antigens should be favored.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0301987","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]],"date-time":"2024-07-12T17:31:48Z","timestamp":1720805508000},"page":"e0301987","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Antibody reactions of horses against various domains of the EHV-1 receptor-binding protein gD1"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Andreina","family":"Schramm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5268-1467","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mathias","family":"Ackermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0001-4843","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Catherine","family":"Eichwald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7221-6706","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Cornel","family":"Fraefel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7389-846X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Julia","family":"Lechmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0301987.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001673","article-title":"ICTV 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