{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T05:46:56Z","timestamp":1778219216402,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]],"date-time":"2024-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R15LM013382"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R15LM013382"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000140","name":"U.S. Department of Transportation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000140","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Transportation systems involve high-density crowds of geographically diverse people with variations in susceptibility; therefore, they play a large role in the spread of infectious diseases like SARS-CoV-2. Dose-response models are widely used to model the relationship between the trigger of a disease and the level of exposure in transmission scenarios. In this study, we quantified and bounded viral exposure-related parameters using empirical data from five transportation-related events of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Dose-response models were then applied to parametrically analyze the infection spread in generic transportation systems, including a single-aisle airplane, bus, and railway coach, and then examined the mitigating efficiency of masks by performing a sensitivity analysis of the related factors. We found that dose level significantly affected the number of secondary infections. In general, we observed that mask usage reduced infection rates at all dose levels and that high-quality masks equivalent to FFP2\/N95 masks are effective for all dose levels. In comparison, we found that lower-quality masks exhibit limited mitigation efficiency, especially in the presence of high dosage. The sensitivity analysis indicated that a reduction in the infection distance threshold is a critical factor in mask usage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0301996","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]],"date-time":"2024-06-12T17:29:35Z","timestamp":1718213375000},"page":"e0301996","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Parametric analysis of SARS-CoV-2 dose-response models in transportation scenarios"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Yuxuan","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1487-9573","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sirish","family":"Namilae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashok","family":"Srinivasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anuj","family":"Mubayi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mathew","family":"Scotch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0301996.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"taaa030","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taaa030","article-title":"COVID-19 outbreak on the Diamond Princess cruise ship: estimating the epidemic potential and effectiveness of public health countermeasures","volume":"27","author":"J Rockl\u00f6v","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of travel medicine"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0301996.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2020.1800814","article-title":"In-flight transmission cluster of COVID-19: a retrospective case series","volume":"52","author":"N Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infectious diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0301996.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.34172\/ijtmgh.2021.03","article-title":"Cruise ship travel and the spread of COVID-19\u2013Australia as a case study","volume":"9","author":"AL Quigley","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Travel Medicine and Global Health"},{"key":"pone.0301996.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2020.101568","article-title":"The association between domestic train transportation and novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak in China from 2019 to 2020: a data-driven correlational report","volume":"33","author":"S Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Travel medicine and infectious disease"},{"key":"pone.0301996.ref005","unstructured":"Shen Y, Li C, Dong H, Wang Z, Martinez L, Sun Z, et al. Airborne transmission of COVID-19: epidemiologic evidence from two outbreak investigations."},{"key":"pone.0301996.ref006","unstructured":"Preprint https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/340418430_Airborne_transmission_of_COVID-19_epidemiologic_evidence_from_two_outbreak_investigations. 2020 Jan."},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0301996.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0256486","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0256486","article-title":"Effect of Covid-19 pandemic on tourist travel risk and management perceptions","volume":"16","author":"MK Rahman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plos one"},{"key":"pone.0301996.ref008","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Requirement for persons to wear masks while on conveyances and at transportation hubs. DHHS, editor. 2021."},{"key":"pone.0301996.ref009","article-title":"New Delta Air Lines boarding procedures aimed at preventing spread of coronavirus","author":"G. 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