{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T05:23:07Z","timestamp":1780550587176,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]],"date-time":"2024-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714694400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Celiac disease exhibits a higher prevalence among patients with coronavirus disease 2019. However, the potential influence of COVID-19 on celiac disease remains uncertain. Considering the significant association between gut microbiota alterations, COVID-19 and celiac disease, the two-step Mendelian randomization method was employed to investigate the genetic causality between COVID-19 and celiac disease, with gut microbiota as the potential mediators. We employed the genome-wide association study to select genetic instrumental variables associated with the exposure. Subsequently, these variables were utilized to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 on the risk of celiac disease and its potential influence on gut microbiota. Employing a two-step Mendelian randomization approach enabled the examination of potential causal relationships, encompassing: 1) the effects of COVID-19 infection, hospitalized COVID-19 and critical COVID-19 on the risk of celiac disease; 2) the influence of gut microbiota on celiac disease; and 3) the mediating impact of the gut microbiota between COVID-19 and the risk of celiac disease. Our findings revealed a significant association between critical COVID-19 and an elevated risk of celiac disease (inverse variance weighted [IVW]: <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.035). Furthermore, we observed an inverse correlation between critical COVID-19 and the abundance of <jats:italic>Victivallaceae<\/jats:italic> (IVW: <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.045). Notably, an increased <jats:italic>Victivallaceae<\/jats:italic> abundance exhibits a protective effect against the risk of celiac disease (IVW: <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.016). In conclusion, our analysis provides genetic evidence supporting the causal connection between critical COVID-19 and lower <jats:italic>Victivallaceae<\/jats:italic> abundance, thereby increasing the risk of celiac disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0301998","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]],"date-time":"2024-05-03T17:23:22Z","timestamp":1714757002000},"page":"e0301998","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Critical COVID-19, Victivallaceae abundance, and celiac disease: A mediation Mendelian randomization 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