{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T21:41:59Z","timestamp":1763415719870,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]],"date-time":"2024-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["CRSK-3_190926\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRSK-3_190926\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Berne University Research Foundation and BEKB F\u00f6rderfonds","award":["22\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Faculty Clinical Research Platform (FKFP) of the Vetsuisse Faculty of the University of Bern","award":["\/"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\/"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Due to the lack of specific antagonists for general anaesthetics, the pharmacological stimulation of the arousal pathways might contribute to reduce recovery time. We aimed at assessing the effect of methylphenidate on physiological parameters, nociceptive withdrawal reflex thresholds, electroencephalographic variables and time of reappearance of reflexes in pigs undergoing propofol anaesthesia.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Two experiments have been performed. Five (experiment 1) and sixteen (experiment 2) healthy juvenile pigs were anaesthetised with propofol. In experiment 1, saline, methylphenidate 10 mg\/kg or methylphenidate 20 mg\/kg was administered intravenously at the end of propofol administration, using a cross-over design. In experiment 2, saline (n = 8) or methylphenidate 20 mg\/kg (n = 8) was administered immediately after extubation. In both experiments, physiological parameters, nociceptive withdrawal reflex thresholds, electroencephalographic variables and time of reappearance of reflexes were assessed. Comparison among groups was performed using either the two-way repeated measures ANOVA followed by Bonferroni-Test or the t-test in case of parametric data, and either the Kruskal-Wallis test or the Mann-Whitney Rank Sum test in case of non-parametric data. A p value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>No clinically relevant changes were observed in both experiments for physiological parameters, nociceptive withdrawal reflex thresholds and electroencephalographic variables.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Methylphenidate does not shorten or modify anaesthesia recovery in pigs, when the sole propofol is administered.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0302166","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]],"date-time":"2024-04-16T18:08:46Z","timestamp":1713290926000},"page":"e0302166","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The effect of methylphenidate on anaesthesia recovery: An experimental study in pigs"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5036-7500","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Mirra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4612-1759","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fabiana","family":"Micieli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mirjam","family":"Arnold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Spadavecchia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0253-4682","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Olivier Louis","family":"Levionnois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0302166.ref001","volume":"978","author":"EN Brown","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reversal of general anesthesaby administration of methylphenidate, amphetamine, modafinil, amantadine, and\/or caffeine."},{"key":"pone.0302166.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s40140-013-0045-2","article-title":"Mechanisms of Anesthetic Emergence: Evidence for Active Reanimation.","volume":"4","author":"T Kushikata","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Anesthesiol Rep."},{"key":"pone.0302166.ref003","article-title":"Cost optimisation in anaesthesia.","volume":"67","author":"M Bauer","year":"2001","journal-title":"MINERVA ANESTESIOLOGICA."},{"key":"pone.0302166.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.4103\/joacp.JOACP_36_18","article-title":"Implementing enhanced recovery pathways to improve surgical outcomes","volume":"35","author":"S Patil","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"pone.0302166.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i58","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aev112","article-title":"Ageing delays emergence from general anaesthesia in rats by increasing anaesthetic sensitivity in the brain","volume":"115","author":"JJ Chemali","year":"2015","journal-title":"British Journal of Anaesthesia"},{"key":"pone.0302166.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3182518bfc","article-title":"Active Emergence from Propofol General Anesthesia Is Induced by Methylphenidate","volume":"116","author":"JJ Chemali","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"pone.0302166.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01466968","article-title":"Ritalin, eine neuartige synthetische Verbindung mit spezifischer zentralerregender Wirkungskomponente.","volume":"32","author":"R Meier","year":"1954","journal-title":"Klin Wochenschr"},{"journal-title":"The Comparative Pharmacology of Some Psychotropic Drugs","year":"1959","author":"E. 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Johnstone","year":"1974","journal-title":"British Journal of Anaesthesia"},{"key":"pone.0302166.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/42.8.718","article-title":"The effect of methylphenidate (ritalin) on post-halothane muscular spasticity.","volume":"42","author":"G Brichard","year":"1970","journal-title":"British Journal of Anaesthesia"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0302166","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]],"date-time":"2024-04-16T18:09:05Z","timestamp":1713290945000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0302166"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Silvia","family":"Fiorelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0302166","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1932-6203"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]]}}}