{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T03:59:15Z","timestamp":1770523155439,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716422400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000155","name":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["430-2018-00050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["430-2018-00050"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To identify experiences of boredom and associations with psychosocial well-being during and following homelessness.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Using a convergent, mixed-methods explanatory design, we conducted quantitative interviews with 164 participants) (n = 102 unhoused; n = 62 housed following homelessness) using a 92-item protocol involving demographic components and seven standardized measures of psychosocial well-being. A sub-sample (n = 32) was approached to participate in qualitative interviews. Data were analyzed by group (unhoused; housed). Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics designed to generate insights into boredom, meaningful activity engagement, and their associations with psychosocial well-being during and following homelessness. Qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Quantitative and qualitative findings were integrated at the stage of discussion.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Quantitative analyses revealed small to moderate correlations between boredom and increased hopelessness (rs = .376, p &lt; .01), increased drug use (rs = .194, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; .05), and lowered mental well-being (rs = -.366, p &lt; .01). There were no statistically significant differences between unhoused and housed participants on any standardized measures. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that housing status was not a significant predictor of boredom or meaningful activity engagement (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&gt;.05). Qualitative interviews revealed profound boredom during and following homelessness imposing negative influences on mental well-being and driving substance use.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Boredom and meaningful activity are important outcomes that require focused attention in services designed to support individuals during and following homelessness. Attention to this construct in future research, practice, and policy has the potential to support the well-being of individuals who experience homelessness, and to contribute to efforts aimed at homelessness prevention.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0302900","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T17:28:59Z","timestamp":1716485339000},"page":"e0302900","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["\u201cIt\u2019s like your days are empty and yet there\u2019s life all around\u201d: A mixed methods, multi-site study exploring boredom during and following homelessness"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0592-7716","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Carrie Anne","family":"Marshall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abrial","family":"Cooke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Holmes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jordana","family":"Bengall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suliman","family":"Aryobi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brooke","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8845-5936","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rosemary","family":"Lysaght","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Gewurtz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0302900.ref001","first-page":"1","article-title":"Beyond Securing a tenancy: using the capabilities approach to identify the daily living needs of individuals during and following homelessness","author":"CA Marshall","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Social Distress and Homelessness"},{"key":"pone.0302900.ref002","volume-title":"Beyond Surviving: Identifying how to support individuals living with mental illness and\/or substance use difficulties to thrive following homelessness in Kingston","author":"C Marshall","year":"2021"},{"key":"pone.0302900.ref003","volume-title":"We need to genuinely listen to what people tell us they need\u201d: Identifying how to support individuals living with mental illness and\/or substance use difficulties to thrive following homelessness in London","author":"C Marshall","year":"2021"},{"key":"pone.0302900.ref004","first-page":"8417419833402","article-title":"Boredom and meaningful activity in adults experiencing homelessness: A mixed-methods study","author":"CA Marshall","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can J Occup Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0302900.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1177\/0008417420941782","article-title":"Meaningful Activity and Boredom in the Transition from Homelessness: Two Narratives","volume":"87","author":"CA Marshall","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can J Occup Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0302900.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1215\/08992363-2841916","article-title":"Bored Stiff: Sex and Superfluity in a Time of Crisis","volume":"27","author":"B. O\u2019Neill","year":"2015","journal-title":"Public Culture"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0302900.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.14506\/ca29.1.03","article-title":"Cast Aside: Boredom, Downward Mobility, and Homelessness in Post-Communist Bucharest","volume":"29","author":"B. O\u2019Neill","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cultural Anthropology"},{"key":"pone.0302900.ref008","first-page":"1","article-title":"Boredom and homelessness: A scoping review","author":"CA Marshall","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Occupational Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0302900.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1215\/08992363-2841916","article-title":"Bored Stiff: Sex and Superfluity in a Time of Crisis","volume":"27","author":"B. O\u2019Neill","year":"2015","journal-title":"Public Culture"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0302900.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691612456044","article-title":"The Unengaged Mind: Defining Boredom in Terms of Attention","volume":"7","author":"JD Eastwood","year":"2012","journal-title":"Perspect Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0302900.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s11031-011-9234-9","article-title":"On boredom: Lack of challenge and meaning as distinct boredom experiences","volume":"36","author":"WAP van Tilburg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Motivation and Emotion"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0302900.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1521\/jscp.2011.30.6.647","article-title":"Boredom: An Emotional Experience Distinct from Apathy, Anhedonia, or Depression","volume":"30","author":"YK Goldberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"pone.0302900.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2013.08.034","article-title":"Causes of boredom: The person, the situation, or both?","volume":"56","author":"KB Mercer-Lynn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"pone.0302900.ref014","unstructured":"Dickens C. Bleak house: Bradbury and Evans; 1853."},{"issue":"78","key":"pone.0302900.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3167\/fcl.2017.780101","article-title":"Introduction: Rethinking the class politics of boredom","volume":"2017","author":"Mvd Berg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Focaal"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0302900.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1017\/S0001972013000272","article-title":"Teatime: Boredom and the Temporalities of Young Men in Niger","volume":"83","author":"A. Masquelier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Africa"},{"key":"pone.0302900.ref017","volume-title":"Boredom and Poverty: A Theoretical Model. The Moral Psychology of Boredom","author":"A Elpidorou"},{"key":"pone.0302900.ref018","volume-title":"Lectures on Ethics.","author":"I. Kant","year":"1963"},{"key":"pone.0302900.ref019","volume-title":"Essays and Aphorisms","author":"A Schopenhauer","year":"1970"},{"key":"pone.0302900.ref020","volume-title":"Either\/Or.","author":"S. Kierkegaard","year":"1992"},{"key":"pone.0302900.ref021","volume-title":"Basic Writings of Nietzsche","author":"F. Nietzsche","year":"1968"},{"key":"pone.0302900.ref022","volume-title":"The Fundamental Concepts of Metaphysics","author":"M. Heidegger","year":"1995"},{"key":"pone.0302900.ref023","volume-title":"Being and Time","author":"M Heidegger","year":"2010"},{"key":"pone.0302900.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315682587","volume-title":"Boredom Studies Reader: Frameworks and Perspectives.","author":"M Gardiner","year":"2016","edition":"1"},{"key":"pone.0302900.ref025","unstructured":"International Society of Boredom Studies (ISBS) 2021 [Available from: https:\/\/www.boredomsociety.com\/."},{"key":"pone.0302900.ref026","article-title":"To be bored or not to be bored\u2014How task\u2010related boredom influences creative performance","author":"JS Haager","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Journal of Creative Behavior"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0302900.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1080\/01490400.2015.1014530","article-title":"Boredom Prone or Nothing to Do? Distinguishing Between State and Trait Leisure Boredom and its Association with Substance Use in South African Adolescents","volume":"37","author":"EH Weybright","year":"2015","journal-title":"Leis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0302900.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.2224\/sbp.2015.43.1.99","article-title":"Adolescent Peer Pressure, Leisure Boredom, and Substance Use in Low-Income Cape Town Communities","volume":"43","author":"G Hendricks","year":"2015","journal-title":"Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0302900.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1177\/0033294117724447","article-title":"Proneness to Boredom and Risk Behaviors During Adolescents\u2019 Free Time","volume":"121","author":"R Biolcati","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0302900.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1080\/07053436.1995.10715488","article-title":"Effects of Boredom on Self-Reported Health","volume":"18","author":"E. Weissinger","year":"1995","journal-title":"Loisir & Societe-Society and Leisure"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0302900.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1080\/1359432X.2016.1241769","article-title":"Boredom at work: towards a dynamic spillover model of need satisfaction, work motivation, and work-related boredom","volume":"26","author":"MLM van Hooff","year":"2017","journal-title":"European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0302900.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1080\/14427591.1998.9686442","article-title":"Doing, Being & Boredom","volume":"5","author":"L Farnworth","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Occupational Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0302900.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1177\/1362480616652686","article-title":"Anything but boring: A cultural criminological exploration of boredom","volume":"21","author":"KF Steinmetz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Theoretical Criminology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0302900.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1177\/0308022619876558","article-title":"Boredom in inpatient mental healthcare settings: a scoping review","volume":"83","author":"CA Marshall","year":"2019","journal-title":"British Journal of Occupational Therapy"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0302900.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1177\/0020764020924689","article-title":"Prevalence of mental disorders among people who are homeless: An umbrella review","volume":"66","author":"MM Hossain","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Soc Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0302900.ref036","volume-title":"Social justice: History, theory, and research","author":"J Jost","year":"2010"},{"key":"pone.0302900.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780199276363.003.0003","volume-title":"Why health equity?","author":"A Sen","year":"2004"},{"key":"pone.0302900.ref038","first-page":"492","volume-title":"Designing & Conducting Mixed Methods Research","author":"J Creswell","year":"2018","edition":"3"},{"key":"pone.0302900.ref039","unstructured":"Canadian Observatory on Homelessness. Canadian Definition of Homelessness 2012 [Available from: www.homelesshub.ca\/homelessdefinition\/."},{"key":"pone.0302900.ref040","unstructured":"Qualtrics. Qualtrics. Provo, Utah: Qualtrics; 2018."},{"key":"pone.0302900.ref041","volume-title":"Dedoose, Web Application for Managing, Analyzing, and Presenting Qualitative and Mixed Method Research Data v.6.1.18 ed","author":"L. SocioCultural Research Consultants","year":"2015"},{"key":"pone.0302900.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26152","DOI":"10.3402\/qhw.v9.26152","article-title":"What can \"thematic analysis\" offer health and wellbeing researchers?","volume":"9","author":"V Braun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Qual Stud Health Well-being"},{"key":"pone.0302900.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/0147-1767(85)90062-8","volume-title":"Naturalistic inquiry.","author":"YS Lincoln","year":"1985"},{"key":"pone.0302900.ref044","first-page":"567","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"J. Cohen","year":"1988"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0302900.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2006.00295.x","article-title":"The alcohol use disorders identification test: an update of research finding","volume":"21","author":"DF Reinert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0302900.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.10.4.408","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the Drug Abuse Screening Test in psychiatric outpatients","volume":"10","author":"KM Cocco","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychological Assessment"},{"key":"pone.0302900.ref047","author":"C Marshall","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bridging the Transition from Homeless to Housed: A Social Justice Framework to Guide the Practice of Occupational Therapists"},{"key":"pone.0302900.ref048","first-page":"1","article-title":"Bridging the transition from homelessness: Developing an occupational therapy framework","author":"CA Marshall","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scand J Occup Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0302900.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1080\/11038128.2020.1764094","article-title":"A systematic review of occupational therapy interventions in the transition from homelessness","volume":"28","author":"CA Marshall","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scand J Occup Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0302900.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.3109\/07380577.2010.528554","article-title":"A systematic review of occupational therapy interventions with homeless people","volume":"25","author":"Y Thomas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Occup Ther Health Care"},{"key":"pone.0302900.ref051","first-page":"1","article-title":"Competencies for occupational therapy practice in homelessness: A Delphi study","author":"CA Marshall","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scand J Occup Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0302900.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1177\/0008417416688709","article-title":"Occupation-based practices and homelessness: A scoping review","volume":"84","author":"L Roy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can J Occup Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0302900.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1080\/11038128.2019.1689292","article-title":"Occupational experiences of homelessness: A systematic review and meta-aggregation","volume":"27","author":"CA Marshall","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scand J Occup Ther"},{"issue":"9953","key":"pone.0302900.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61132-6","article-title":"The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations","volume":"384","author":"S Fazel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0302900.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1111\/hsc.12873","article-title":"Surviving versus living life: Capabilities and service use among adults with mental health problems and histories of homelessness","volume":"28","author":"N Kerman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Soc Care Community"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0302900.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1111\/hsc.13030","article-title":"Effectiveness of interventions targeting community integration among individuals with lived experiences of homelessness: A systematic review","volume":"28","author":"CA Marshall","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Soc Care Community"},{"key":"pone.0302900.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.59962\/9780774865135","volume-title":"A Complex Exile: Homelessness and Social Exclusion in Canada:","author":"E. Dej","year":"2020"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0302900.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304652","article-title":"Determinants of Tenancy Sustainment Following Homelessness: A Systematic Review","volume":"108","author":"L Boland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0302900.ref059","unstructured":"Homeless Hub. Meaningful Activities Toronto, ON: The Canadian Observatory on Homelessness; 2018 [Available from: https:\/\/www.homelesshub.ca\/solutions\/providing-supports\/meaningful-activities."},{"key":"pone.0302900.ref060","unstructured":"Homeless Link. Using activities to engage clients2018. Available from: https:\/\/www.homeless.org.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/site-attachments\/Using%20Activities%20to%20Engage%20Clients.pdf."},{"key":"pone.0302900.ref061","unstructured":"Marshall C, Barbic, S., Oudshoorn, A., Kerman, N., Czech, W., Todd, E., et al. Developing a measure of thriving for individuals during and following homelessness. 2022."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0302900.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1080\/01634372.2020.1733727","article-title":"Just like Jail\": Trauma Experiences of Older Homeless Men","volume":"63","author":"ND Pope","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Gerontol Soc Work"},{"key":"pone.0302900.ref063","article-title":"Violence and victimisation in the lives of persons experiencing homelessness who use methamphetamine: A scoping review","author":"R Carrillo Beck","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Soc Care Community"},{"key":"pone.0302900.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1037\/0000019-012","volume-title":"APA handbook of trauma psychology: Foundations in knowledge:","author":"LM Najavits","year":"2017"},{"key":"pone.0302900.ref065","author":"C Marshall","year":"2022","journal-title":"The effectiveness of interventions targeting meaningful activity engagement: A systematic review"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0302900.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(19)30188-4","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury in homeless and marginally housed individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"JL Stubbs","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0302900.ref067","volume-title":"The cost of living is rising. So why aren\u2019t social-assistance rates?","author":"J. Chandler","year":"2021"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0302900.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.3109\/09638237.2014.910640","article-title":"Barriers to obtaining employment for people with severe mental illness experiencing homelessness","volume":"23","author":"D Poremski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of mental health (Abingdon, England)"},{"key":"pone.0302900.ref069","volume-title":"SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference. 11.0 update","author":"D George","year":"2003","edition":"4"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0302900.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191116662910","article-title":"Psychometric Analysis of the Multidimensional State Boredom Scale and Its Condensed Versions","volume":"25","author":"J Oxtoby","year":"2018","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0302900.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1177\/00131640121971121","article-title":"Further Validity and Reliability Evidence for Beck Hopelessness Scale Scores in a Nonclinical Sample","volume":"61","author":"L. Steed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Educational and Psychological Measurement"},{"issue":"63","key":"pone.0302900.ref072","first-page":"2007","article-title":"The Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS): development and UK validation","volume":"5","author":"R Tennant","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0302900.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1300\/J004v18n02_03","article-title":"The relationship between engagement in meaningful activities and quality of life in persons disabled by mental illness","volume":"18","author":"B Goldberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Occupational Therapy in Mental Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0302900.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4679(199609)52:5<555::AID-JCLP10>3.0.CO;2-D","article-title":"Factor structure of the beck hopelessness scale","volume":"52","author":"J. A. Dyce","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0302900.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.2190\/AG.70.4.b","article-title":"The meaningful activity participation assessment: A measure of engagement in personally valued activities","volume":"70","author":"A. M. Eakman","year":"2010","journal-title":"The International Journal of Aging and Human Development"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0302900.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.4300\/JGME-D-12-00156.1","article-title":"Using effect size\u2014or why the P value is not enough","volume":"4","author":"G. M. Sullivan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of graduate medical education"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0302900.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191116662910","article-title":"Psychometric analysis of the Multidimensional State Boredom Scale and its condensed versions","volume":"25","author":"J. Oxtoby","year":"2018","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"pone.0302900.ref078","unstructured":"Warwick Medical School (2023). Collect, score, analyse and interpret WEMWBS. Available online at: https:\/\/warwick.ac.uk\/fac\/sci\/med\/research\/platform\/wemwbs\/using\/howto\/"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0302900.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.10.4.408","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the Drug Abuse Screening Test in psychiatric outpatients","volume":"10","author":"K. M. Cocco","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychological Assessment"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0302900","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T17:29:42Z","timestamp":1716485382000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0302900"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Alan","family":"Farrier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0302900","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]]}}}