{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T21:55:19Z","timestamp":1773006919539,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]],"date-time":"2024-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EXC 2075 - 390740016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXC 2075 - 390740016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100021130","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Klimaschutz","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19A21027D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19A21027D"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100021130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Musculoskeletal simulations are a useful tool for improving our understanding of the human body. However, the physiological validity of predicted kinematics and forces is highly dependent upon the correct calibration of muscle parameters and the structural integrity of a model\u2019s internal skeletal structure. In this study, we show how ill-tuned muscle parameters and unphysiological deformations of a model\u2019s skeletal structure can be detected by using muscle elements as sensors with which modelling and parameterization inconsistencies can be identified through muscle and tendon strain injury assessment. To illustrate our approach, two modelling issues were recreated. First, a model repositioning simulation using the THUMS AM50 occupant model version 5.03 was performed to show how internal model deformations can occur during a change of model posture. Second, the muscle material parameters of the OpenSim gait2354 model were varied to illustrate how unphysiological muscle forces can arise if material parameters are inadequately calibrated. The simulations were assessed for muscle and tendon strain injuries using previously published injury criteria and a newly developed method to determine tendon strain injury threshold values. Muscle strain injuries in the left and right\n                    <jats:italic>musculus pronator teres<\/jats:italic>\n                    were detected during the model repositioning. This straining was caused by an unphysiologically large gap (12.92 mm) that had formed in the elbow joint. Similarly, muscle and tendon strain injuries were detected in the modified right-hand\n                    <jats:italic>musculus gastrocnemius medialis<\/jats:italic>\n                    of the gait2354 model where an unphysiological reduction of the tendon slack length introduced large pre-strain of the muscle-tendon unit. The results of this work show that the proposed method can quantify the internal distortion behaviour of musculoskeletal human body models and the plausibility of Hill-type muscle parameter choice via strain injury assessment. Furthermore, we highlight possible actions to avoid the presented issues and inconsistencies in literature data concerning the material characteristics of human tendons.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0302949","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]],"date-time":"2024-11-14T13:33:51Z","timestamp":1731591231000},"page":"e0302949","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Using muscle-tendon load limits to assess unphysiological musculoskeletal model deformation and Hill-type muscle parameter choice"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8952-2486","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lennart V.","family":"N\u00f6lle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2820-5791","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Isabell","family":"Wochner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Hammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7768-8961","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Syn","family":"Schmitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0302949.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2016.2586891","article-title":"Full-Body Musculoskeletal Model for Muscle-Driven Simulation of Human Gait","volume":"63","author":"A Rajagopal","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering"},{"key":"pone.0302949.ref002","first-page":"417","volume":"124","author":"Springer Netherlands","year":"2005","journal-title":"Computational Human Body Models"},{"key":"pone.0302949.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4915","DOI":"10.1007\/s11831-022-09757-0","article-title":"On the Modeling of Biomechanical Systems for Human Movement Analysis: A Narrative Review","volume":"29","author":"I Roupa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Comput Methods Eng"},{"key":"pone.0302949.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/gamm.202300007","article-title":"Dynamic human body models in vehicle safety: An overview","volume":"46","author":"N Fahse","year":"2023","journal-title":"GAMM-Mitteilungen"},{"key":"pone.0302949.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.4271\/2009-01-0922","article-title":"Repositioning the Human Body Lower Extremity FE Model","volume":"2","author":"D Jani","year":"2009","journal-title":"SAE Int J Passenger Cars Mech Syst"},{"key":"pone.0302949.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1177\/0954411911431516","article-title":"On validation of multibody musculoskeletal models","volume":"226","author":"ME Lund","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Inst Mech Eng H"},{"key":"pone.0302949.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20905","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4029304","article-title":"Is my model good enough? 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