{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T22:47:51Z","timestamp":1793054871590,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]],"date-time":"2024-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a spinal deformity that affects approximately 4% of the world\u2019s population. Several hypotheses regarding the etiology of AIS have been investigated. In the last decades, impaired visual-spatial perception, alterations in spatial body orientation and sensory integration deficits have been documented.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We aimed to summarize the neurophysiological, balance, and motion evidence related to AIS published in the last fifteen years, between January 2008 and April 2023. Both observational and interventional studies were considered. Only studies using quantitative assessment methods, such as electroencephalography (EEG), electromyography (EMG), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), somatosensory evoked potentials, force platform, or motion capture, were included.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>1250 eligible records identified from online database searching were filtered by duplicate removal, title and abstract screening, and qualitative analysis. 61 articles met the inclusion criteria (i.e., Cobb range 10\u00b0-35\u00b0, age range 10-18 years) and were summarized.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found significant evidence of impaired standing balance in individuals with AIS who greatly rely on visual and proprioceptive information to stay upright. EMG studies frequently reported an increased activity on the convex side of the intrinsic spinae muscles. EEG data show increased delta and theta power, higher alpha peak frequencies, and significant suppression in the alpha and beta bands in subjects with AIS during standing tasks. MRI studies report changes in white matter structures, differences in the vestibular system, and abnormal cortical activations over motor-related areas in subjects with AIS. Bracing appears to be an effective treatment for AIS, leading to improvements in static balance and gait. Methodological issues prevent reliable conclusions about the effects of other treatment options.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec005\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review underscores the importance of quantitative assessment methods to explore the etiology and pathophysiology of AIS. Further research is needed to measure the impact of physical therapy and orthotic treatments on the neurophysiological mechanisms of the disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0303086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]],"date-time":"2024-05-22T13:27:34Z","timestamp":1716384454000},"page":"e0303086","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Neurophysiological, balance and motion evidence in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Matilde","family":"Paramento","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7653-9377","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Edoardo","family":"Passarotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2793-1334","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maria Chiara","family":"Maccarone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michela","family":"Agostini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Contessa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0744-3109","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maria","family":"Rubega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3417-0388","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Emanuela","family":"Formaggio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Masiero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0303086.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-130438","article-title":"Scoliosis: Review of types of curves, etiological theories and conservative treatment","volume":"27","author":"H Shakil","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0303086.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s13013-017-0145-8","article-title":"2016 SOSORT guidelines: orthopaedic and rehabilitation treatment of idiopathic scoliosis during growth","volume":"13","author":"S Negrini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scoliosis and Spinal Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0303086.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-7-68","article-title":"Altered sensory-weighting mechanisms is observed in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"7","author":"M Simoneau","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Neuroscience"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0303086.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1080\/17483100801921311","article-title":"Neurophysiological basis of rehabilitation of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"30","author":"N Smania","year":"2008","journal-title":"Disability and Rehabilitation"},{"key":"pone.0303086.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2019.03.013","article-title":"Asymmetric biomechanical characteristics of the paravertebral muscle in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"65","author":"Y Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clinical Biomechanics"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0303086.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1177\/2192568218811312","article-title":"Does Posterior Scoliosis Correction Improve Respiratory Function in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis? 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