{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T17:59:09Z","timestamp":1773251949586,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]],"date-time":"2024-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715299200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundamental Fund 2023, Chiang Mai University, Thailand"},{"name":"Fundamental Fund 2023, Chiang Mai University, Thailand"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The objective of this study is to determine the possible association between exposure to air pollution and the risk of death from cancer during childhood in upper northern Thailand. Data were collected on children aged 0\u201315 years old diagnosed with cancer between January 2003 and December 2018 from the Chiang Mai Cancer Registry. Survival rates were determined by using Kaplan-Meier curves. Cox proportional hazard models were used to investigate associations of potential risk factors with the time-varying air pollution level on the risk of death. Of the 540 children with hematologic cancer, 199 died from any cause (overall mortality rate = 5.3 per 100 Person-Years of Follow-Up (PYFU); 95%CI = 4.6\u20136.0). Those aged less than one year old (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 2.07; 95%CI = 1.25\u20133.45) or ten years old or more (aHR = 1.41; 95%CI = 1.04\u20131.91) at the time of diagnosis had a higher risk of death than those aged one to ten years old. Those diagnosed between 2003 and 2013 had an increased risk of death (aHR = 1.65; 95%CI = 1.13\u20132.42). Of the 499 children with solid tumors, 214 died from any cause (5.9 per 100 PYFU; 95%CI = 5.1\u20136.7). Only the cancer stage remained in the final model, with the metastatic cancer stage (HR = 2.26; 95%CI = 1.60\u20133.21) and the regional cancer stage (HR = 1.53; 95%CI = 1.07\u20132.19) both associated with an increased risk of death. No association was found between air pollution exposure and all-cause mortality for either type of cancer. A larger-scale analytical study might uncover such relationships.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0303182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]],"date-time":"2024-05-10T17:36:10Z","timestamp":1715362570000},"page":"e0303182","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Ambient air pollution as a time-varying covariate in the survival probability of childhood cancer patients in the upper Northern Thailand"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Lalita","family":"Sathitsamitphong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8552-0149","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Imjai","family":"Chitapanarux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pimwarat","family":"Srikummoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natthapat","family":"Thongsak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nawapon","family":"Nakharutai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Salinee","family":"Thumronglaohapun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Titaporn","family":"Supasri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Phonpat","family":"Hemwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2918-1928","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Patrinee","family":"Traisathit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0303182.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27428","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.27428","article-title":"Childhood cancer incidence and survival in Thailand: A comprehensive population-based registry analysis, 1990\u20132011.","volume":"66","author":"SS Bidwell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer."},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0303182.ref002","first-page":"2215","article-title":"Childhood cancer incidence and survival 2003\u20132005, Thailand: Study from the Thai Pediatric Oncology Group.","volume":"12","author":"S Wiangnon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0303182.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e535","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(22)00090-0","article-title":"Pollution and health: a progress update","volume":"6","author":"R Fuller","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"key":"pone.0303182.ref004","first-page":"92","article-title":"Ambient air pollution epidemiology systematic review and meta-analysis: A review of reporting and methods practice.","author":"MC Sheehan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Int."},{"key":"pone.0303182.ref005","volume-title":"WHO global air quality guidelinesExecutive summary","year":"2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0303182.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos14010066","article-title":"Ambient Nanoparticles (PM0.1) Mapping in Thailand.","volume":"14","author":"W Phairuang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Atmosphere"},{"key":"pone.0303182.ref007","volume-title":"Situation and management of air pollution and noise problems in Thailand.","author":"Pollution Control Department","year":"2020"},{"key":"pone.0303182.ref008","unstructured":"Kanokkanjana K, Cheewaphongphan P, Garivait S. 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