{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T10:55:17Z","timestamp":1781520917708,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]],"date-time":"2024-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717718400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovation, Malaysia","award":["NTIS 098773"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NTIS 098773"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A novel powered ankle\u2013foot prosthesis is designed. The effect of wearing the novel prosthesis and an energy-storage-and-return (ESAR) foot on lower-limb biomechanics is investigated to preliminarily evaluate the design. With necessary auxiliary materials, a non-amputated subject (a rookie at using prostheses) is recruited to walk on level ground with an ESAR and the novel powered prostheses separately. The results of the stride characteristics, the ground reaction force (GRF) components, kinematics, and kinetics in the sagittal plane are compared. Wearing the powered prosthesis has less prolongation of the gait cycle on the unaffected side than wearing the ESAR foot. Wearing ESAR or proposed powered prostheses influences the GRF, kinematics, and kinetics on the affected and unaffected sides to some extent. Thereinto, the knee moment on the affected side is influenced most. Regarding normal walking as the reference, among the total of 15 indexes, the influences of wearing the proposed powered prosthesis on six indexes on the affected side (ankle\u2019s\/knee\u2019s\/hip\u2019s angles, hip\u2019s moment, and Z- and X-axis GRF components) and five indexes on the unaffected side (ankle\u2019s\/knee\u2019s\/hip\u2019s angles and ankle\u2019s\/hip\u2019s moments) are slighter than those of wearing the ESAR foot. The influences of wearing the powered prosthesis on two indexes on the unaffected side (knee\u2019s moment and X-axis GRF component) are similar to those of wearing the ESAR foot. The greatest improvement of wearing the powered prosthesis is to provide further plantarflexion after reaching the origin of the ankle joint before toe-off, which means that the designed powered device can provide further propulsive power for the lifting of the human body\u2019s centre of gravity during walking on level ground. The results demonstrate that wearing the novel powered ankle\u2013foot prosthesis benefits the rookie in recovering the normal gait more than wearing the ESAR foot.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0303397","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]],"date-time":"2024-06-07T18:01:36Z","timestamp":1717783296000},"page":"e0303397","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Design and preliminary verification of a novel powered ankle\u2013foot prosthesis: From the perspective of lower-limb biomechanics compared with ESAR foot"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4938-8731","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jingjing","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pei Yi","family":"Cheah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mouaz","family":"Al Kouzbary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamza","family":"Al Kouzbary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1959-6812","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Selina X.","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanie Nadia","family":"Shasmin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nooranida","family":"Arifin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nasrul Anuar Abd","family":"Razak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noor Azuan","family":"Abu Osman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0303397.ref001","article-title":"Biomechanical parameters of gait among transtibial amputees: a review","volume":"127","author":"ASOdC Soares","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sao Paulo Medical Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0303397.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1080\/03093640600568617","article-title":"The effect of prosthesis alignment on the symmetry of gait in subjects with unilateral transtibial amputation","volume":"30","author":"DHK Chow","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prosthetics and Orthotics International"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0303397.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e96988","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096988","article-title":"Gait biomechanics of individuals with transtibial amputation: effect of suspension system","volume":"9","author":"A Eshraghi","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0303397.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2010.06.0121","article-title":"Effect of prosthetic gel liner thickness on gait biomechanics and pressure distribution within the transtibial socket","volume":"49","author":"E Boutwell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0303397.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1080\/03093640108726602","article-title":"Effect of trans\u2010tibial prosthesis pylon flexibility on ground reaction forces during gait","volume":"25","author":"KL Coleman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Prosthetics and Orthotics International"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0303397.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1097\/PXR.0000000000000053","article-title":"Effects of a modified passive socket system on short-term changes in residuum volume and comfort: A preliminary study in transtibial amputees","volume":"46","author":"H Atallah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prosthetics and orthotics international"},{"key":"pone.0303397.ref007","unstructured":"Staros A. 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