{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T14:08:48Z","timestamp":1740146928935,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]],"date-time":"2024-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004925","name":"Texas Health and Human Services Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#HHS000866600001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#HHS000866600001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Studies indicate that individuals with chronic conditions and specific baseline characteristics may not mount a robust humoral antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. In this paper, we used data from the Texas Coronavirus Antibody REsponse Survey (Texas CARES), a longitudinal state-wide seroprevalence program that has enrolled more than 90,000 participants, to evaluate the role of chronic diseases as the potential risk factors of non-response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in a large epidemiologic cohort.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A participant needed to complete an online survey and a blood draw to test for SARS-CoV-2 circulating plasma antibodies at four-time points spaced at least three months apart. Chronic disease predictors of vaccine non-response are evaluated using logistic regression with non-response as the outcome and each chronic disease + age as the predictors.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>As of April 24, 2023, 18,240 participants met the inclusion criteria; 0.58% (N = 105) of these are non-responders. Adjusting for age, our results show that participants with self-reported immunocompromised status, kidney disease, cancer, and \u201cother\u201d non-specified comorbidity were 15.43, 5.11, 2.59, and 3.13 times more likely to fail to mount a complete response to a vaccine, respectively. Furthermore, having two or more chronic diseases doubled the prevalence of non-response.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Consistent with smaller targeted studies, a large epidemiologic cohort bears the same conclusion and demonstrates immunocompromised, cancer, kidney disease, and the number of diseases are associated with vaccine non-response. This study suggests that those individuals, with chronic diseases with the potential to affect their immune system response, may need increased doses or repeated doses of COVID-19 vaccines to develop a protective antibody level.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0303420","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]],"date-time":"2024-05-13T17:32:19Z","timestamp":1715621539000},"page":"e0303420","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Baseline characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine non-responders in a large population-based sample"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0598-3419","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ashraf","family":"Yaseen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stacia M.","family":"DeSantis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachit","family":"Sabharwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1493-8986","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yashar","family":"Talebi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael D.","family":"Swartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shiming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Leon Novelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cesar L.","family":"Pinzon-Gomez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah E.","family":"Messiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Valerio-Shewmaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harold W.","family":"Kohl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Lakey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer A.","family":"Shuford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen J.","family":"Pont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Boerwinkle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0303420.ref001","article-title":"Suboptimal Response to Coronavirus Disease 2019 Messenger RNA Vaccines in Patients With Hematologic Malignancies: A Need for Vigilance in the Postmasking Era.","volume":"8","author":"ME Agha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis [Internet]."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0303420.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-021-00713-2","article-title":"Impaired neutralizing antibody response to COVID-19 mRNA vaccines in cancer patients","volume":"11","author":"C Zeng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Biosci"},{"issue":"21","key":"pone.0303420.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2204","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.7489","article-title":"Antibody Response to 2-Dose SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccine Series in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients","volume":"325","author":"BJ Boyarsky","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"17","key":"pone.0303420.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1784","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.4385","article-title":"Immunogenicity of a Single Dose of SARS-CoV-2 Messenger RNA Vaccine in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients","volume":"325","author":"BJ Boyarsky","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"year":"2021","journal-title":"COVID-19 Vaccines and Immunocompromised People: Fully Vaccinated and Not Protected | Johns Hopkins | Bloomberg School of Public Health [Internet]","key":"pone.0303420.ref005"},{"key":"pone.0303420.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2021.102744","article-title":"Impaired immunogenicity to COVID-19 vaccines in autoimmune systemic diseases. 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