{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T14:50:09Z","timestamp":1790952609694,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]],"date-time":"2024-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AA025641"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AA025641"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Young adults experiencing homelessness (YAEH) are faced with instabilities in many areas of their lives, including their living situation, employment, and income. Little is known about how the experience of instability in these different domains might be associated with substance use. Leveraging data collected on 276 YAEH in Los Angeles County, regression analyses examine associations between three distinct types of instability (housing, employment, income) and participants\u2019 self-reported alcohol use, alcohol consequences, non-cannabis drug use, and substance use symptoms. Results indicated that recent instability in income, employment, and secure housing for those with access to it (but not housing in general or non-secure housing) were significantly associated with greater alcohol\/drug use or substance use symptoms. Depression was also found to moderate the association between employment instability and alcohol use. Our findings suggest that efforts to reduce instability in income, employment, and secure housing may have positive benefits for substance using YAEH, especially those with depressive symptoms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0303439","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]],"date-time":"2024-05-13T13:27:25Z","timestamp":1715606845000},"page":"e0303439","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["In flux: Associations of substance use with instability in housing, employment, and income among young adults experiencing homelessness"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4712-7119","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rupa","family":"Jose","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth J.","family":"D\u2019Amico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5022-5839","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David J.","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric R.","family":"Pedersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joan S.","family":"Tucker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0303439.ref001","unstructured":"de Sousa T, Andrichik A, Cuellar M, Marson J, Prestera E, Rush K, et al. The 2022 Annual Homelessness Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress. In: Development UDoHaU, editor. D.C.: US Department of Housing and Urban Development; 2022."},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0303439.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.55.5.469","article-title":"Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties","volume":"55","author":"JJ Arnett","year":"2000","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"key":"pone.0303439.ref003","volume-title":"Institute for Social Research UoM","author":"ME Patrick","year":"2023"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0303439.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.13340","article-title":"Systematic review: Rates of psychopathology, substance misuse, and neuropsychological dysfunction among transitional age youth experiencing homelessness.","volume":"31","author":"CW Burke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Addict"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0303439.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1177\/00220426211049355","article-title":"Prevalence and Correlates of Illicit Substance Use Among Young Adults Experiencing Homelessness in Seven Cities Across the United States","volume":"52","author":"S Chassman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Drug Issues"},{"key":"pone.0303439.ref006","article-title":"Homeless in America: The homlessness crisis is getting worse","author":"G. Lopez","year":"2022","journal-title":"The New York Times"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0303439.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2004.10.011","article-title":"Transitions through homelessness and factors that predict them: Three-year treatment outcomes.","volume":"28","author":"RG Orwin","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0303439.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1086\/696372","article-title":"Employment outcomes from a randomized controlled trial of two employment interventions with homeless youth.","volume":"9","author":"KM Ferguson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Soc Social Work Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0303439.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7856-0","article-title":"The impact of interventions for youth experiencing homelessness on housing, mental health, substance use, and family cohesion: A systematic review.","volume":"19","author":"JZ Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0303439.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/01488376.2011.524513","article-title":"Short-term employment services for homeless individuals: Perceptions from stakeholders in a community partnership","volume":"37","author":"M Radey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Social Service Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0303439.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e342","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30055-4","article-title":"Effectiveness of permanent supportive housing and income assistance interventions for homeless individuals in high-income countries: a systematic review","volume":"5","author":"T Aubry","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0303439.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016837231886","article-title":"Critical incidents that facilitate homeless people\u2019s transition off the streets","volume":"11","author":"CM MacKnee","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless"},{"key":"pone.0303439.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.10.019","article-title":"The impact of a Housing First randomized controlled trial on substance use problems among homeless individuals with mental illness","volume":"146","author":"M Kirst","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0303439.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1080\/03124070802428191","article-title":"Homelessness and substance abuse: Which comes first?","volume":"61","author":"G Johnson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Australian Social Work"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"pone.0303439.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S282","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301302","article-title":"Substance-use disorders and poverty as prospective predictors of first-time homelessness in the United States.","volume":"103","author":"RG Jr Thompson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0303439.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-013-9813-z","article-title":"Housing instability and alcohol problems during the 2007\u20132009 US recession: The moderating role of perceived family support.","volume":"91","author":"RD Murphy","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Urban Health."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0303439.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1080\/02678373.2021.1976881","article-title":"I\u2019d rather know what to expect\u2009\u2026\u2009Work unpredictability as contemporary work stressor with detrimental implications for employees\u2019 daily wellbeing.","volume":"36","author":"J Schoellbauer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Work & Stress"},{"key":"pone.0303439.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.2174\/1874473711104010004","article-title":"Unemployment and substance use: A review of the literature (1990\u20132010)","volume":"4","author":"D. Henkel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Current Drug Abuse Reviews"},{"key":"pone.0303439.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.01.141","article-title":"Prevalence of comorbid substance use in major depressive disorder in community and clinical settings, 1990\u20132019: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"266","author":"GE Hunt","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"pone.0303439.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.11.1561","article-title":"Prevalence of mental health and substance use disorders among homeless and low-income housed mothers.","volume":"155","author":"EL Bassuk","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0303439.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00181","article-title":"Depressive symptoms and co-occurring depressive symptoms, substance abuse, and conduct problems among runaway and homeless adolescents.","volume":"71","author":"LB Whitbeck","year":"2000","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"pone.0303439.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.3351\/ppp.0007.0001.0004","article-title":"Homelessness and identity: A critical review of the literature and theory.","author":"L. McCarthy","year":"2013","journal-title":"People, Place and Policy Online"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0303439.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6171.2010.00247.x","article-title":"Correlates of substance use severity among homeless youth.","volume":"23","author":"A Nyamathi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychiatr Nurs"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0303439.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s13722-020-00201-x","article-title":"Study protocol for a group-based motivational interviewing brief intervention to reduce substance use and sexual risk behavior among young adults experiencing homelessness.","volume":"15","author":"JS Tucker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Addict Sci Clin Pract"},{"key":"pone.0303439.ref025","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of brief motivational interviewing-based group intervention for emerging adults experiencing homelessness: 12-month effects on substance use and sexual risk behavior.","author":"JS Tucker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Manuscript submitted for publication"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"pone.0303439.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2008.06.026","article-title":"The PHQ-8 as a measure of current depression in the general population","volume":"114","author":"K Kroenke","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"pone.0303439.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2000.07007.x","article-title":"Sheltered versus nonsheltered homeless women: Differences in health, behavior, victimization, and ultilization of care","volume":"15","author":"A Nyamathi","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0303439.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.21665","article-title":"How stable is stable? Defining and measuring housing stability","volume":"42","author":"TJ Frederick","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Community Psychology"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0303439.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ALC.0000171940.95813.A5","article-title":"Toward efficient and comprehensive measurement of the alcohol problems continuum in college students: the brief young adult alcohol consequences questionnaire","volume":"29","author":"CW Kahler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0303439.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2008.06.002","article-title":"Drug use among homeless young people in Los Angeles and Melbourne.","volume":"43","author":"D Rosenthal","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"pone.0303439.ref031","first-page":"80","article-title":"Development and validation of the GAIN Short Screener (GSS) for internalizing, externalizing and substance use disorders and crime\/violence problems among adolescents and adults.","volume":"1","author":"ML Dennis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Addict."},{"key":"pone.0303439.ref032","volume-title":"Global Appraisal of Individual Needs\u2013Short Screener (GAIN-SS): Administration and Scoring Manual Version 2.0.1.","author":"ML Dennis","year":"2007"},{"key":"pone.0303439.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2022.109426","article-title":"Disparities in functioning from alcohol and cannabis use among a racially\/ethnically diverse sample of emerging adults","volume":"234","author":"EJ D\u2019Amico","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0303439.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1002\/wmh3.189","article-title":"Does Race Matter in Addressing Homelessness? A Review of the Literature.","volume":"8","author":"MM Jones","year":"2016","journal-title":"World Med Health Policy."},{"key":"pone.0303439.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2013.06.003","article-title":"Transitions into and out of homelessness among street-involved youth in a Canadian setting.","volume":"23","author":"T Cheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health Place."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"pone.0303439.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1002\/ajcp.12156","article-title":"Youth homelessness and vulnerability: How does couch surfing fit?","volume":"60","author":"SR Curry","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Community Psychol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0303439.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12177","article-title":"Shared risk: Who engages in substance use with American homeless youth?","volume":"108","author":"Jr HD Green","year":"2013","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0303439.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2004.10.006","article-title":"Predictors of substance use among homeless youth in San Diego.","volume":"30","author":"CA Bousman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0303439.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/s10566-012-9175-9","article-title":"Adult Support and Substance Use Among Homeless Youths Who Attend High School.","volume":"41","author":"KM Ferguson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Child & Youth Care Forum."},{"key":"pone.0303439.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.02.025","article-title":"How economic crises affect alcohol consumption and alcohol-related health problems: A realist systematic review","volume":"131","author":"MCM de Goeij","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0303439.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12301","article-title":"Economic loss and alcohol consumption and problems during the 2008 to 2009 U.S. recession","volume":"38","author":"N Mulia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"pone.0303439.ref042","article-title":"Can a basic income help address homelessness? A Titmussian perspective","author":"A. Clarke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Sociology"},{"key":"pone.0303439.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.108760","article-title":"Alcohol and substance use in pregnancy during the COVID-19 pandemic.","volume":"225","author":"P Kar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"pone.0303439.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.4135\/9781452231655.n2","volume-title":"Development of psychopathology: A vulnerability-stress perspective","author":"RE Ingram","year":"2005"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0303439.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2018-210981","article-title":"Effects of Housing First approaches on health and well-being of adults who are homeless or at risk of homelessness: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.","volume":"73","author":"AJ Baxter","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health."},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0303439.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.21900","article-title":"How do homeless adults change their lives after completing an intensive job-skills program? A prospective study","volume":"45","author":"HM Gray","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Community Psychol"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0303439","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]],"date-time":"2024-05-13T13:27:53Z","timestamp":1715606873000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0303439"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Omolola E.","family":"Adepoju","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0303439","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]]}}}