{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T13:49:00Z","timestamp":1790948940058,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]],"date-time":"2024-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Overreaching is often linked to a deterioration in sleep quality, yet a comprehensive review is lacking. The aim of this systemic review and meta-analysis was to synthesise the literature and quantify the effect of overreaching from endurance-based training on sleep quality.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines. The final search was conducted in May 2023 using four electronic databases (Web of Science Core Collection, MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Database, SPORTDiscus). Studies were included for a qualitative review, while random-effects meta-analyses were conducted for objective and subjective sleep.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results and discussion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The search returned 805 articles. Fourteen studies were included in the systematic review; Three and eight articles were eligible for the meta-analyses (objective and subjective, respectively). On average, the overreaching protocols were sixteen days in length (6 to 28 days) and included exercise modalities such as cycling (number of studies [k] = 5), rowing (k = 4), triathlon (k = 3), running (k = 2), and swimming (k = 1). Actigraphy was the only form of objective sleep measurement used across all studies (k = 3), while various instruments were used to capture subjective sleep quality (k = 13). When comparing objective sleep quality following the overreaching intervention to baseline (or a control), there was a significant reduction in sleep efficiency (mean difference = -2.0%; 95% CI -3.2, -0.8%; Glass\u2019 \u0394 = -0.83; p &lt; 0.01). In contrast, when comparing subjective sleep quality following the overreaching intervention to baseline (or a control), there was no effect on subjective sleep quality (Glass\u2019 \u0394 = -0.27; 95% CI -0.79, 0.25; p = 0.08). Importantly, none of the included studies were judged to have a low risk of bias. While acknowledging the need for more high-quality studies, it appears that overreaching from endurance-based training can deteriorate objective sleep without influencing the perception of sleep quality.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Protocol registration<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This protocol was registered in The International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) on 21<jats:sup>st<\/jats:sup> November 2022, with the registration number <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/prospero\/display_record.php?ID=CRD42022373204\" xlink:type=\"simple\">CRD42022373204<\/jats:ext-link>.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0303748","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]],"date-time":"2024-05-29T17:30:50Z","timestamp":1717003850000},"page":"e0303748","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Does overreaching from endurance-based training impair sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3772-6289","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Conor","family":"Murphy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steinunn Anna","family":"Svansdottir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Dupuy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9109-0958","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Julien","family":"Louis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0303748.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2015.00295","article-title":"The training intensity distribution among well-trained and elite endurance athletes","volume":"6","author":"T Stoggl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"pone.0303748.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199112010-00004","article-title":"Overtraining in Athletes: An Update","volume":"12","author":"R Fry","year":"1991","journal-title":"Sport Med"},{"key":"pone.0303748.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2012.730061","article-title":"Prevention, diagnosis and treatment of the overtraining syndrome: Joint consensus statement of the European College of Sport Science (ECSS) and the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM)","volume":"13","author":"R Meeusen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Sport Sci"},{"key":"pone.0303748.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096581","article-title":"How much is too much? (Part 1) International Olympic Committee consensus statement on load in sport and risk of injury","volume":"50","author":"T Soligard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"pone.0303748.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-02825-4","article-title":"Role of sleep deprivation in immune-related disease risk and outcomes","volume":"4","author":"S Garbarino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"pone.0303748.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-9457(08)70013-3","article-title":"Metabolic consequences of sleep and sleep loss","volume":"9","author":"E Van Cauter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"pone.0303748.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.03.006","article-title":"Reciprocal interactions between the GH axis and sleep","volume":"14","author":"E Van Cauter","year":"2004","journal-title":"Growth Horm IGF Res"},{"key":"pone.0303748.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2022.101594","article-title":"Effects of sleep manipulation on markers of insulin sensitivity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"62","author":"N Sondrup","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"pone.0303748.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2020.02.003","article-title":"Sleep Loss and the Socio-Emotional Brain","volume":"24","author":"S Ben","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"pone.0303748.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.12.025","article-title":"Sleep and the Price of Plasticity: From Synaptic and Cellular Homeostasis to Memory Consolidation and Integration","volume":"81","author":"G Tononi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"pone.0303748.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2669","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-022-01706-y","article-title":"Effects of Acute Sleep Loss on Physical Performance: A Systematic and Meta-Analytical Review","volume":"52","author":"J Craven","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sport Med"},{"key":"pone.0303748.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-016-0650-6","article-title":"Does Elite Sport Degrade Sleep Quality? A Systematic Review","volume":"47","author":"L Gupta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sport Med"},{"key":"pone.0303748.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00436","article-title":"Can sleep be used as an indicator of overreaching and overtraining in athletes?","volume":"9","author":"M Lastella","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"pone.0303748.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-102025","article-title":"Sleep and the athlete: Narrative review and 2021 expert consensus recommendations","volume":"55","author":"N Walsh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"pone.0303748.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"M Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"pone.0303748.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2016.11.006","article-title":"National Sleep Foundation\u2019s sleep quality recommendations: first report","volume":"3","author":"M Ohayon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep Heal"},{"key":"pone.0303748.ref017","article-title":"Cochrane Consumers & Communication Group Data extraction template for included studies","author":"R Ryan","year":"2016","journal-title":"CCCG"},{"key":"pone.0303748.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1021312","article-title":"Physiological changes in male competitive cyclists after two weeks of intensified training","volume":"13","author":"A Jeukendrup","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"pone.0303748.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00973.2003","article-title":"Higher dietary carbohydrate content during intensified running training results in better maintenance of performance and mood state","volume":"96","author":"J Achten","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"pone.0303748.ref020","first-page":"213","article-title":"Heavy training stress in male rowers: Effects on circulatory responses and mood state profiles","volume":"36","author":"J Jurimae","year":"2004","journal-title":"Kinesiology"},{"key":"pone.0303748.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/S1440-2440(04)80028-8","article-title":"Changes in stress and recovery after heavy training in rowers","volume":"7","author":"J Jurimae","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"key":"pone.0303748.ref022","first-page":"11","article-title":"Monitoring of stress in trained male rowers","volume":"7","author":"J Jurimae","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Hum Kinet"},{"key":"pone.0303748.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0173807","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0173807","article-title":"New approaches to determine fatigue in elite athletes during intensified training: Resting metabolic rate and pacing profile","volume":"12","author":"A Woods","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0303748.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0191644","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0191644","article-title":"The effects of intensified training on resting metabolic rate (RMR), body composition and performance in trained cyclists","volume":"13","author":"A Woods","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0303748.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-971892","article-title":"Ergometric and psychological findings during overtraining: A long-term follow-up study in endurance athletes","volume":"19","author":"A Urhausen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"pone.0303748.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4898","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898","article-title":"RoB 2: A revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials","volume":"366","author":"J Sterne","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"pone.0303748.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4919","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i4919","article-title":"ROBINS-I: A tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions","volume":"355","author":"J Sterne","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"pone.0303748.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1411","article-title":"Risk-of-bias VISualization (robvis): An R package and Shiny web app for visualizing risk-of-bias assessments","volume":"12","author":"L McGuinness","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res Synth Methods"},{"key":"pone.0303748.ref029","article-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences","author":"J. Cohen","year":"1988","journal-title":"Lawrence Earlbaum Associates"},{"key":"pone.0303748.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","article-title":"Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses","volume":"327","author":"J Higgins","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"pone.0303748.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000177","article-title":"Evidence of disturbed sleep and increased illness in overreached endurance athletes","volume":"46","author":"C Hausswirth","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"pone.0303748.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2022.2097130","article-title":"Effect of intensified training on cognitive function, psychological state & performance in trained cyclists","volume":"23","author":"S Costello","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Sport Sci"},{"key":"pone.0303748.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-924146","article-title":"Monitoring changes in performance, physiology, biochemistry, and psychology during overreaching and recovery in triathletes","volume":"28","author":"A Coutts","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"pone.0303748.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00314.2020","article-title":"Muscle fiber typology is associated with the incidence of overreaching in response to overload training","volume":"129","author":"P Bellinger","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"pone.0303748.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000546","article-title":"Whole-Body Cryostimulation Limits Overreaching in Elite Synchronized Swimmers","volume":"47","author":"K Schaal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"pone.0303748.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2015.1085589","article-title":"Evidence of disturbed sleep and mood state in well-trained athletes during short-term intensified training with and without a high carbohydrate nutritional intervention","volume":"35","author":"S Killer","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"pone.0303748.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.8.2.111","article-title":"Guidelines to classify subject groups in sport-science research","volume":"8","author":"K De Pauw","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"key":"pone.0303748.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2015-0153","article-title":"Guidelines to classify female subject groups in sport-science research","volume":"11","author":"L Decroix","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"key":"pone.0303748.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2007.00592.x","article-title":"Improving actigraphic sleep estimates in insomnia and dementia: How many nights?","volume":"16","author":"E. Van Someren","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"pone.0303748.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18031082","article-title":"Measuring subjective sleep quality: A review","volume":"18","author":"M Fabbri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0303748","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]],"date-time":"2024-05-29T17:31:08Z","timestamp":1717003868000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0303748"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Julio Alejandro Henriques Castro","family":"da Costa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0303748","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]]}}}