{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T13:43:31Z","timestamp":1767966211883,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716422400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZIAES049013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZIAES049013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"American Recovery and Reinvestment Act"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Published associations between combined oral contraceptive use and uterine fibroid development have lacked prospective imaging with ultrasound to distinguish between incident and prevalent fibroids. The Study of Environment, Lifestyle, and Fibroids prospectively followed fibroid-free, African-American women (the group with the highest disease burden in the U.S.) to identify incident cases. We examined associations between combined oral contraceptive use and the 40-month cumulative risk of fibroids. History of hormonal contraceptive use was collected via telephone interview at enrollment. Fibroid identification was performed using transvaginal ultrasonography at enrollment, and at 20 and 40-months of follow-up. Inverse probability weights for exposures and censoring were used to construct weighted risk ratios (wRR) and weighted risk different (wRD) estimators which control for differences in fibroid risk factors between exposure groups. In addition, unweighted fully adjusted log-binomial regression models (aRR) were run for comparison. Of the 1,308 participants in the analysis sample, 70% had used combined oral contraceptives and 17% developed fibroids by 40 months. We observed an inverse association between ever use of combined oral contraceptives and cumulative fibroid incidence (wRR: 0.78; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.60, 1.00; wRD: -0.05, 95% CI: -0.11, 0; aRR: 0.76, 95% CI: 0.60, 0.98). Fibroid incidence was greater in participants who started using combined oral contraceptives after age 17 years than among younger initiators, though the restriction to ever-users made this estimate less precise (wRR: 1.25; 95% CI: 0.89, 1.76; wRD: 0.04, 95% CI: -0.02, 0.10). No consistent patterns of fibroid incidence were seen among ever-users for duration of, or years since, last combined oral contraceptives use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0303823","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T17:41:09Z","timestamp":1716486069000},"page":"e0303823","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Combined oral contraceptive utilization and uterine fibroid incidence: A prospective study in a cohort of African-American women"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5629-160X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sarah R.","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer S.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michele Jonsson","family":"Funk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael G.","family":"Hudgens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Poole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wanda K.","family":"Nicholson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donna D.","family":"Baird","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5866-848X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Quaker E.","family":"Harmon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0303823.ref001","article-title":"Identification of future research needs in the comparative management of uterine fibroid disease: A report on the priority-setting process, preliminary data analysis, and research plan. 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