{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T03:55:44Z","timestamp":1790394944811,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]],"date-time":"2024-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717545600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008398","name":"Villum Fonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant no 16515"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant no 16515"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008398","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We derive an equation that applies for the wing-beat frequency of flying animals and to the fin-stroke frequency of diving animals like penguins and whales. The equation states that the wing\/fin-beat frequency is proportional to the square root of the animal\u2019s mass divided by the wing area. Data for birds, insects, bats, and even a robotic bird\u2014supplemented by data for whales and penguins that must swim to stay submerged\u2014show that the constant of proportionality is to a good approximation the same across all species; thus the equation is universal. The wing\/fin-beat frequency equation is derived by dimensional analysis, which is a standard method of reasoning in physics. We finally demonstrate that a mathematically even simpler expression without the animal mass does not apply.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0303834","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]],"date-time":"2024-06-05T17:22:13Z","timestamp":1717608133000},"page":"e0303834","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Universal wing- and fin-beat frequency scaling"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Jens H\u00f8jgaard","family":"Jensen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0770-5690","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jeppe 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