{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T16:06:46Z","timestamp":1791389206965,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]],"date-time":"2024-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is among the top public health concerns in the globe. Estimating the prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR), MDR index (MDR-I) and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing lactose fermenting Enterobacteriaceae (LFE) is important in designing strategies to combat AMR. Thus, this study was designed to determine the status of MDR, MDR-I and ESBL-producing LFE isolated from the human-dairy interface in the northwestern part of Ethiopia, where such information is lacking.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A cross-sectional study was conducted from June 2022 to August 2023 by analyzing 362 samples consisting of raw pooled milk (58), milk container swabs (58), milker\u2019s hand swabs (58), farm sewage (57), milker\u2019s stool (47), and cow\u2019s feces (84). The samples were analyzed using standard bacteriological methods. The antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and ESBL production ability of the LFE isolates were screened using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, and candidate isolates passing the screening criteria were phenotypically confirmed by using cefotaxime (30 \u03bcg) and cefotaxime \/clavulanic acid (30 \u03bcg\/10 \u03bcg) combined-disk diffusion test. The isolates were further characterized genotypically using multiplex polymerase chain reaction targeting the three ESBL-encoding- genes namely <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>TEM<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub>, <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>SHV<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub>, and <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>CTX-M<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:sub><\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A total of 375 bacterial isolates were identified and the proportion of MDR and ESBL-producing bacterial isolates were 70.7 and 21.3%, respectively. The MDR-I varied from 0.0 to 0.81 with an average of 0.30. The ESBL production was detected in all sample types. Genotypically, the majority of the isolates (97.5%), which were positive on the phenotypic test, were carrying one or more of the three genes.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A high proportion of the bacterial isolates were MDR; had high MDR-I and were positive for ESBL production. The findings provide evidence that the human-dairy interface is one of the important reservoirs of AMR traits. Therefore, the implementation of AMR mitigation strategies is highly needed in the area.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0303872","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]],"date-time":"2024-05-21T17:30:37Z","timestamp":1716312637000},"page":"e0303872","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Multidrug-resistance and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing lactose-fermenting enterobacteriaceae in the human-dairy interface in northwest Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7308-0182","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Achenef Melaku","family":"Beyene","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mucheye","family":"Gizachew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2094-3199","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ahmed E.","family":"Yousef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7162-8038","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hana","family":"Haileyesus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed G.","family":"Abdelhamid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adugna","family":"Berju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meseret Molu","family":"Tebeje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tigest","family":"Feleke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baye","family":"Gelaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0303872.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.20.6.1177-1179.1984","article-title":"Detection of \u03b2-glucuronidase in lactose-fermenting members of the family Enterobacteriaceae and its presence in bacterial urine cultures","volume":"20","author":"W Hansen","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0303872.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.2013.763030","article-title":"Evolution of antimicrobial resistance among Enterobacteriaceae (focus on extended-spectrum b-lactamases and carbapenemases)","volume":"14","author":"P Lynch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"key":"pone.0303872.ref003","first-page":"e00174","article-title":"The changing face of the family Enterobacteriaceae (Order:Syndromes","volume":"28","author":"JM Janda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"pone.0303872.ref004","unstructured":"FAO\/WHO. 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