{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T08:57:12Z","timestamp":1790240232328,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]],"date-time":"2024-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009207","name":"Agrifutures Australia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RnD4Profit-15-02-008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RnD4Profit-15-02-008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009207","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Australian Government Research Training Program"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Coxiella burnetii<\/jats:italic>, the causative agent of Q fever, is a zoonotic bacteria of global public health significance. The organism has a complex, diverse, and relatively poorly understood animal reservoir but there is increasing evidence that macropods play some part in the epidemiology of Q fever in Australia. The aim of this cross-sectional survey was to estimate the animal- and tissue-level prevalence of coxiellosis amongst eastern grey (<jats:italic>Macropus giganteus<\/jats:italic>) and red (<jats:italic>Osphranter rufus<\/jats:italic>) kangaroos co-grazing with domestic cattle in a Q fever endemic area in Queensland. Serum, faeces and tissue samples from a range of organs were collected from 50 kangaroos. A total of 537 tissue samples were tested by real-time PCR, of which 99 specimens from 42 kangaroos (84% of animals, 95% confidence interval [CI], 71% to 93%) were positive for the <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>burnetii<\/jats:italic> IS<jats:italic>1111<\/jats:italic> gene when tested in duplicate. Twenty of these specimens from 16 kangaroos (32%, 95% CI 20% to 47%) were also positive for the <jats:italic>com1<\/jats:italic> or <jats:italic>htpAB<\/jats:italic> genes. Serum antibodies were present in 24 (57%, 95% CI 41% to 72%) of the PCR positive animals. There was no statistically significant difference in PCR positivity between organs and no single sample type consistently identified <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>burnetii<\/jats:italic> positive kangaroos. The results from this study identify a high apparent prevalence of <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>burnetii<\/jats:italic> amongst macropods in the study area, albeit seemingly with an inconsistent distribution within tissues and in relatively small quantities, often verging on the limits of detection. We recommend Q fever surveillance in macropods should involve a combination of serosurveys and molecular testing to increase chances of detection in a population, noting that a range of tissues would likely need to be sampled to confirm the diagnosis in a suspect positive animal.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0303877","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]],"date-time":"2024-05-21T17:34:52Z","timestamp":1716312892000},"page":"e0303877","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Tissue distribution of Coxiella burnetii and antibody responses in macropods co-grazing with livestock in Queensland, Australia"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5938-3013","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anita","family":"Tolpinrud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mythili","family":"Tadepalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Stenos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louis","family":"Lignereux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne-Lise","family":"Chaber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanne M.","family":"Devlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Caraguel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark A.","family":"Stevenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0303877.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/22.5.945","article-title":"Q fever is absent from New Zealand.","volume":"22","author":"F Hilbink","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"pone.0303877.ref002","unstructured":"World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). 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