{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T12:32:01Z","timestamp":1785933121479,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,31]],"date-time":"2024-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717113600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Justice, Israel","award":["20220140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20220140"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The suitability of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy as a metastasis prognostic tool has not been reported for some cancer types. Our main aim was to show spectroscopic differences between live un-preprocessed cancer cells of different metastatic levels. Spectra of four cancer cell pairs, including colon cancer (SW480, SW620); human melanoma (WM115, WM266.4); murine melanoma (B16F01, B16F10); and breast cancer (MCF7, MDA-MB-231); each pair having the same genetic background, but different metastatic level were analyzed in the regions 1400\u20131700 cm<jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup> and 3100\u20133500 cm<jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup> using Principal Component Analysis, curve fitting, multifractal dimension and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. The results show spectral markers I<jats:sub>1540<\/jats:sub>\/I<jats:sub>1473<\/jats:sub>, I<jats:sub>1652<\/jats:sub>\/I<jats:sub>1473<\/jats:sub>, <jats:inline-formula id=\"pone.0304071.e001\"><jats:alternatives><jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" id=\"pone.0304071.e001g\" mimetype=\"image\" position=\"anchor\" xlink:href=\"info:doi\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0304071.e001\" xlink:type=\"simple\"\/><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mrow><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>A<\/mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3400<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:msub><\/mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>A<\/mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3200<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:msub><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:mfrac><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>, and multifractal dimension of the spectral images are significantly different for the cells based on their metastatic levels. ROC curve analysis showed good diagnostic performance of the spectral markers in separating cells based on metastatic degree, with areas under the ROC curves having 95% confidence interval lower limits greater than 0.5 for most instances. These spectral features can be important in predicting the probability of metastasis in primary tumors, providing useful guidance for treatment planning. Our markers are effective in differentiating metastatic levels without sample fixation or drying and therefore could be compactible for future use in in-vivo procedures involving spectroscopic cancer diagnosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0304071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,31]],"date-time":"2024-05-31T18:45:44Z","timestamp":1717181144000},"page":"e0304071","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Metastasis diagnosis using attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infra-red (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Samuel Onuh","family":"Abuh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2230-1654","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ayan","family":"Barbora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1857-4905","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Refael","family":"Minnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0304071.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1469","article-title":"Tumor metastasis: mechanistic insights and clinical challenges","volume":"12","author":"PS Steeg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0304071.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-0134-x","article-title":"Molecular principles of metastasis: a hallmark of cancer revisited","volume":"5","author":"J Fares","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0304071.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc.2016.25","article-title":"Targeting metastasis","volume":"16","author":"PS Steeg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0304071.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-021-02230-y","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of the diagnostic accuracy of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) for the detection of prostate cancer in symptomatic patients","volume":"20","author":"SWD Merriel","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0304071.ref005","article-title":"Clinical value of preoperative CA19\u20109 levels in evaluating resectability of gallbladder carcinoma","volume":"89","author":"F Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"ANZ J Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0304071.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0252529","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0252529","article-title":"Limitations and perceived delays for diagnosis and staging of lung cancer in Portugal: A nationwide survey analysis","volume":"16","author":"F Barata","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0304071.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.currproblcancer.2018.12.004","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of CA125 and HE4 in ovarian carcinoma patients and the effect of confounders on their serum levels","volume":"43","author":"AA Ahmed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Probl Cancer"},{"issue":"01","key":"pone.0304071.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-5851.56328","article-title":"Tumor markers in clinical practice: General principles and guidelines","volume":"30","author":"S. 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