{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T23:24:37Z","timestamp":1790637877961,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]],"date-time":"2024-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718928000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In a clinical context, conventional optical microscopy is commonly used for the visualization of biological samples for diagnosis. However, the availability of molecular techniques and rapid diagnostic tests are reducing the use of conventional microscopy, and consequently the number of experienced professionals starts to decrease. Moreover, the continuous visualization during long periods of time through an optical microscope could affect the final diagnosis results due to induced human errors and fatigue. Therefore, microscopy automation is a challenge to be achieved and address this problem. The aim of the study is to develop a low-cost automated system for the visualization of microbiological\/parasitological samples by using a conventional optical microscope, and specially designed for its implementation in resource-poor settings laboratories. A 3D-prototype to automate the majority of conventional optical microscopes was designed. Pieces were built with 3D-printing technology and polylactic acid biodegradable material with Tinkercad\/Ultimaker Cura 5.1 slicing softwares. The system\u2019s components were divided into three subgroups: microscope stage pieces, storage\/autofocus-pieces, and smartphone pieces. The prototype is based on servo motors, controlled by Arduino open-source electronic platform, to emulate the X-Y and auto-focus (Z) movements of the microscope. An average time of 27.00 \u00b1 2.58 seconds is required to auto-focus a single FoV. Auto-focus evaluation demonstrates a mean average maximum Laplacian value of 11.83 with tested images. The whole automation process is controlled by a smartphone device, which is responsible for acquiring images for further diagnosis via convolutional neural networks. The prototype is specially designed for resource-poor settings, where microscopy diagnosis is still a routine process. The coalescence between convolutional neural network predictive models and the automation of the movements of a conventional optical microscope confer the system a wide range of image-based diagnosis applications. The accessibility of the system could help improve diagnostics and provide new tools to laboratories worldwide.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0304085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]],"date-time":"2024-06-21T17:34:34Z","timestamp":1718991274000},"page":"e0304085","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Development of a low-cost robotized 3D-prototype for automated optical microscopy diagnosis: An open-source system"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8267-9760","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Allisson","family":"Dantas de Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5615-9278","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Carles","family":"Rubio Maturana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesc","family":"Zarzuela Serrat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno Motta","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Sulleiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1398-7559","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Clara","family":"Prats","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Veiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mercedes","family":"Bosch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Zulueta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Abell\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Sayrol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joan","family":"Joseph-Munn\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"L\u00f3pez-Codina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0304085.ref001","unstructured":"World Malaria Report 2021. 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