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Kurthia gibsonii (TYL-A1) and Klebsiella pneumonia (TYL-B2) were isolated from wastewater; degradation efficiency of the two strains combined was significantly greater than either alone and resulted in degradation products that were less toxic than TYL. With Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)\u2014sodium alginate (SA)\u2014activated carbon (AC) used to form a bacterial immobilization carrier, the immobilized bacterial alliance reached 95.9% degradation efficiency in 1 d and could be reused for four cycles, with &gt; 93% degradation efficiency per cycle. In a wastewater application, the immobilized bacterial alliance degraded 67.0% TYL in 9 d. There were significant advantages for the immobilized bacterial alliance at pH 5 or 9, with 20 or 40 g\/L NaCl, or with 10 or 50 mg\/L doxycycline. In summary, in this study, a bacterial consortium with TYL degradation ability was constructed using PVA-SA-AC as an immobilized carrier, and the application effect was evaluated on farm wastewater with a view to providing application guidance in environmental remediation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0304113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,31]],"date-time":"2024-05-31T19:09:19Z","timestamp":1717182559000},"page":"e0304113","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Development and assessment of an immobilized bacterial alliance that efficiently degrades tylosin in wastewater"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Boyu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ye","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingyi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lixia","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wangdui","family":"Basang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanbin","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5701-6685","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yunhang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0304113.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cattod.2015.09.056","article-title":"Kinetic insight into the effect of the catalytic functions on selective conversion of cellulose to polyols on carbon-supported WO3 and Ru catalysts","volume":"269","author":"Y Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Catalysis Today"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0304113.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1080\/10643380903392692","article-title":"Occurrence, Transformation, and Fate of Antibiotics in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants","volume":"41","author":"T Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology"},{"key":"pone.0304113.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.10.018","article-title":"Environmental impact of livestock farming and Precision Livestock Farming as a mitigation strategy","volume":"650","author":"E Tullo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science of the total environment"},{"key":"pone.0304113.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2022.127010","article-title":"Integrated meta-omics study on rapid tylosin removal mechanism and dynamics of antibiotic resistance genes during aerobic thermophilic fermentation of tylosin mycelial dregs","volume":"351","author":"G Sha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioresource Technology"},{"key":"pone.0304113.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coesh.2019.11.005","article-title":"Antibiotics traces in the aquatic environment: persistence and adverse environmental impact.","volume":"13","author":"M Bilal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Current opinion in environmental science & health"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0304113.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2013.01.020","article-title":"Toxicity of five antibiotics and their mixtures towards photosynthetic aquatic organisms: implications for environmental risk assessment","volume":"47","author":"M Gonz\u00e1lez-Pleiter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water research"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0304113.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3795","DOI":"10.1021\/es203970e","article-title":"Feather meal: a previously unrecognized route for reentry into the food supply of multiple pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs).","volume":"46","author":"D Love","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environmental science & technology"},{"key":"pone.0304113.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2022.03.029","article-title":"Occurrence, spatial distribution and ecological risks of antibiotics in soil in urban agglomeration","volume":"125","author":"M Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Sciences"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0304113.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2546","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17072546","article-title":"Visschers V. 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