{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T06:33:39Z","timestamp":1784874819430,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,31]],"date-time":"2024-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717113600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002383","name":"King Saud University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RSPD2024R971"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSPD2024R971"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002383","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates the molecular prevalence and phylogenetic characteristics of two prominent blood-borne pathogens,<jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>(<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic>) and<jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>spp., in common quails (<jats:italic>Coturnix coturnix<\/jats:italic>) sampled from both wild (N = 236) and farmed (N = 197) populations across four districts (Layyah, Dera Ghazi Khan, Lahore, and Multan) in Punjab, Pakistan, during the hunting seasons from 2021 to 2023. Additionally, the impact of these pathogens on the complete blood count (CBC) of the hosts is examined. Out of 433 quails tested, 25 (5.8%) exhibited amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (<jats:italic>ITS-1<\/jats:italic>) gene for<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic>, while 15 (3.5%) showed amplification of the<jats:italic>Cytochrome b<\/jats:italic>gene for<jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>spp. A risk factor analysis indicated that the prevalence of both pathogens was not confined to specific sampling sites or bird sexes (P &gt; 0.05). District-wise analysis highlighted that hens were more susceptible to both<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>spp. infections than cocks. Wild quails exhibited a higher susceptibility to<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic>compared to farmed birds. Significant CBC variations were recorded in infected birds as compared to uninfected ones. BLAST analysis of generated sequences has confirmed the identity of recovered PCR amplicons as<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Plasmodium relictum<\/jats:italic>. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Pakistani isolates clustered with those reported from various countries globally. This study provides the first documentation of<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>sp. infections in Pakistani quails, underscoring the need for detailed investigations across different regions to enhance our understanding of infection rates and the zoonotic potential of these parasites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0304179","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,31]],"date-time":"2024-05-31T20:16:21Z","timestamp":1717186581000},"page":"e0304179","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Molecular prevalence, phylogeny and hematological impact of Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium spp. in common quails from Punjab, Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Ghafoor","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ardas","family":"Masud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Naeem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul","family":"Ghafar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8255-1011","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hira","family":"Muqaddas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Fiaz","family":"Qamar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3247-5898","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ayman A.","family":"Swelum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maged A.","family":"Al-Garadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0759-8298","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Majid S.","family":"Jabir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5567-4721","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mourad Ben","family":"Said","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adil","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4996-0152","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Furhan","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0304179.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.29261\/pakvetj\/2022.028","article-title":"Different dietary levels of lysine have beneficial effects on intestinal morphology in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix Japonica)","volume":"42","author":"J Nazir","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pak Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0304179.ref002","first-page":"43","article-title":"Effects of sex and stocking density on growth performance and some physiological traits of Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica)","volume":"17","author":"AA Ayoola","year":"2014","journal-title":"Malaysian J Anim Sci"},{"key":"pone.0304179.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-022-03083-0","article-title":"Stocking density: a clue for improving social behavior, welfare, health indices along with productivity performances of quail (Coturnix coturnix)\u2014a review","volume":"54","author":"MI El Sabry","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0304179.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.47941\/ahj.774","article-title":"Factors influencing Quail Farming:A critical literature review","volume":"3","author":"M. 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