{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T02:35:50Z","timestamp":1793414150101,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]],"date-time":"2024-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The irrational dispensing practices are responsible for antibiotic abuse and the spread of antibiotic resistance. Thus, the present study aims to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of community pharmacists (CPs) regarding dispensing antibiotics without prescription (DAwP).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted between March 1, 2023, and March 31, 2023, in community pharmacy settings of Lahore, Pakistan. A self-administered and pretested questionnaire was used for the data collection. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the factors associated with the practices of community pharmacists. Data were analyzed using SPSS (version 26) and MS Office (2016).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Among 359 respondents, many strongly agreed\/agreed with the statements <jats:italic>\"DAwP is contributing to the development of antimicrobial resistance\"<\/jats:italic> (83%, n = 298) and <jats:italic>\"Antibiotic resistance has become a public health issue\"<\/jats:italic> (81.9%, n = 249). Overall, most of the community pharmacists claimed that the unwillingness of patients to visit physicians for non-serious infections (75.2%, n = 270) and good knowledge of pharmacists about the use of antibiotics (51%, n = 183) were the most common reasons attributable to dispensing of antibiotics without prescription. Cephalosporin (n = 260, 72.4%), penicillin (n = 254, 70.8%), and tetracyclines (n = 170, 47.4%) were the most commonly dispensed classes of antibiotics without prescription due to cold, flu and diarrhea. Most community pharmacists never\/sometimes warn patients about the potential side effects of medicines (79.1%, n = 284). Logistic regression analysis revealed that community pharmacists 31\u201340 years of age (OR = 0.568, 95%CI = 0.348\u20130.927, <jats:italic>p-value<\/jats:italic> = 0.024) were significantly less associated with poor practices of dispensing antibiotics without prescription (DAwP) while those who were \u2019Managers\u2019 (OR = 4.222, 95%CI = 2.542\u20137.011, <jats:italic>p-value<\/jats:italic> = &lt;0.001), had 3\u20135 years of experience (OR = 2.241, 95%CI = 1.183\u20134.243, <jats:italic>p-value<\/jats:italic> = 0.013), dispensed \u226425 antibiotics per day (OR = 12.375, 95%CI = 5.177\u201329.583, <jats:italic>p-value<\/jats:italic> = &lt;0.001), were more likely to be associated with poor practices of dispensing of antibiotics without prescription.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The community pharmacists had adequate knowledge, positive attitudes, and poor practices towards DAwP. Demographical factors such as age, job status, and work experience were the determinants of community pharmacists\u2019 practices towards dispensing antibiotics without prescription (DAwP). Hence, a multifaceted approach, including educational interventions, is needed to reduce the dispensing of antibiotics without prescription (DAwP).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0304361","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]],"date-time":"2024-06-13T17:46:56Z","timestamp":1718300816000},"page":"e0304361","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Assessment of knowledge, attitudes, and practices among community pharmacists in Lahore regarding antibiotic dispensing without prescription: A cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6351-4402","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Nabeel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khubaib","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Rehan","family":"Sarwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imran","family":"Waheed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0304361.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2016.06.003","article-title":"Community pharmacists\u2019 knowledge, attitude, and practices towards dispensing antibiotics without prescription (DAwP): a cross-sectional survey in Makkah Province, Saudi Arabia","volume":"47","author":"MA Hadi","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"pone.0304361.ref002","unstructured":"World Health Organizaiton (WHO), Antimicrobial resitantce (AMR): https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/spotlight\/ten-threats-to-global-health-in-2019 (Accessed on 10th Feb, 2024). 2019."},{"key":"pone.0304361.ref003","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO): The top 10 causes of death: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/the-top-10-causes-of-death (Accessed on April-11-2024) 2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0304361.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1086\/595011","article-title":"Bad bugs, no drugs: no ESKAPE! 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