{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T01:25:46Z","timestamp":1792632346200,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]],"date-time":"2024-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The Sustainable Development Goal 15 (SDG15) deals with protecting, restoring, and promoting the sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably managing forests, halting and reversing land degradation, combating desertification and halting biodiversity loss. The purpose of this scoping review was to map the current evidence on the association between SDG 15 and Early Childhood Caries (ECC).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This scoping review was reported in accordance with the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. Formal literature searches were conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus in March 2023 using key search terms. Studies with the criteria (in English, with full text available, addressing component of life on land, focusing on dental caries in humans, with results that can be extrapolated to control ECC in children less than 6 years of age) were included. Retrieved papers were summarised and a conceptual framework developed regarding the postulated link between SDG15 and ECC.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Two publications met the inclusion criteria. Both publications were ecological studies relating environmental findings to aggregated health data at the area level. One study concluded that the eco-hydrogeological environment was associated with human health, including caries. The other reported that excessive calcium was associated with the presence of compounds increasing groundwater acidity that had an impact on human health, including caries. The two ecological studies were linked to SDG 15.1. It is also plausible that SDG 15.2 and SDG 15.3 may reduce the risk for food insecurity, unemployment, gender inequality, zoonotic infections, conflict and migration; while SDG 15.4 may improve access to medicinal plants such as anticariogenic chewing sticks and reduction in the consumption of cariogenic diets.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>There are currently no studies to support an association between ECC and SDG15 although there are multiple plausible pathways for such an association that can be explored. There is also the possibility of synergistic actions between the elements of soil, water and air in ways that differentially affect the risk of ECC. Studies on the direct link between the SDG15 and ECC are needed. These studies will require the use of innovative research approaches.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0304523","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]],"date-time":"2024-07-11T17:38:03Z","timestamp":1720719483000},"page":"e0304523","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["A scoping review on the association between early childhood caries and life on land: The Sustainable Development Goal 15"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9008-7730","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mor\u1eb9\u0301nik\u1eb9\u0301 Oluw\u00e1t\u00f3y\u00ecn","family":"Fol\u00e1yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Schroth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duangporn","family":"Duangthip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1670-497X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ola B.","family":"Al-Batayneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6574-9942","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jorma I.","family":"Virtanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivy Guofang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arheiam","family":"Arheiam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos A.","family":"Feldens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maha","family":"El Tantawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0304523.ref001","unstructured":"Sustainable Development Goals. Goal 15: Life on Land.\" United Nations. Available at: https:\/\/www.globalgoals.org\/goals\/15-life-on-land\/. Accessed: 11 April 2023."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0304523.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18010136","article-title":"When Land Is Under Pressure Health Is Under Stress","volume":"18","author":"A Sena","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0304523.ref003","volume-title":"Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Health Synthesis","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2005"},{"key":"pone.0304523.ref004","unstructured":"United Nations. International Forest Day 2022. 17th March 2022. Available at: https:\/\/unric.org\/en\/international-forest-day-2022\/#:~:text=Forests%20cover%2030%25%20of%20the,additional%2080%20million%20green%20jobs. Accessed: 8th January 2023."},{"key":"pone.0304523.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0152973","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0152973","article-title":"Does Land Degradation Increase Poverty in Developing Countries?","volume":"11","author":"EB Barbier","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"5\/6","key":"pone.0304523.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1260\/014459803322986286","article-title":"Environmental Issues Relating to Greenhouse Carbon Dioxide Emissions in the World","volume":"21","author":"M Balat","year":"2003","journal-title":"Energy Exploration & Exploitation"},{"key":"pone.0304523.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1007\/s13132-018-0525-1","article-title":"Does environmental degradation, institutional quality, and economic development matter for health? Evidence from African countries","volume":"10","author":"A. Dhrifi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Knowl Econ"},{"key":"pone.0304523.ref008","article-title":"Does environment quality affect the health care spending? Nexus among CO2 emissions, non-renewable energy production, financial development, and health care spending","author":"CS Ramos-Meza","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"key":"pone.0304523.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.57.5.334","article-title":"Environmental influences on healthcare expenditures: an exploratory analysis from Ontario, Canada","volume":"57","author":"M Jerrett","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Commun Health"},{"key":"pone.0304523.ref010","first-page":"126","article-title":"Public healthcare expenditure and environmental quality in Iran","volume":"1","author":"S Yazdi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Recent Adv Appl Econ"},{"key":"pone.0304523.ref011","unstructured":"United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee for the Elaboration of an International Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and\/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa. A\/AC.241\/27. 1994 Available online: https:\/\/www.unccd.int\/sites\/default\/files\/relevant-links\/2017-01\/English_0.pdf. Accessed: 12 April 2023."},{"key":"pone.0304523.ref012","unstructured":"National Drought Mitigation Center (NDMC) Types of Drought. University of Nebraska-Lincoln; Lincoln, NE, USA: [(accessed on 25 December 2020)]. n.d. Available online: https:\/\/drought.unl.edu\/Education\/DroughtIn-depth\/TypesofDrought.aspx"},{"key":"pone.0304523.ref013","first-page":"dyad030","article-title":"\u2019Source-specific\u2019 air pollution and risk of stroke in Denmark","author":"AH Poulsen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"pone.0304523.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3095","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531-020-02021-6","article-title":"Biodiversity loss, emerging pathogens and human health risks","volume":"29","author":"DS Schmeller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biodivers Conserv"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0304523.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e840","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(21)00258-8","article-title":"The COVID-19 pandemic is intricately linked to biodiversity loss and ecosystem health","volume":"5","author":"OK Lawler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0304523.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-7325.1999.tb03268.x","article-title":"Diagnosing and reporting early childhood caries for research purposes. A report of a workshop sponsored by the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, the Health Resources and Services Administration, and the Health Care Financing Administration","volume":"59","author":"TF Drury","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Public Health Dent"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0304523.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-019-0997-9","article-title":"Association between early childhood caries and poverty in low- and middle-income countries","volume":"20","author":"MO Folayan","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"pone.0304523.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2019.00285","article-title":"How Much Country Economy Influences ECC Profile in Serbian Children-A Macro-Level Factor Analysis","volume":"7","author":"D Markovic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0304523.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-020-1045-5","article-title":"Women\u2019s economic empowerment, participation in decision-making and exposure to violence as risk indicators for early childhood caries","volume":"20","author":"MO Folayan","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"pone.0304523.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-020-01149-9","article-title":"Governance, maternal well-being and early childhood caries in 3\u20135-year-old children","volume":"20","author":"MO Folayan","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"issue":"14","key":"pone.0304523.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7558","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18147558","article-title":"Cariogenic Risk and COVID-19 Lockdown in a Paediatric Population","volume":"18","author":"R Docimo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0304523.ref022","first-page":"19","article-title":"Population displacements as a risk factor for the emergence of epidemics","volume":"49","author":"D Tabbaa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Ital"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0304523.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2176","article-title":"Communicable disease among displaced Afghans: refuge without shelter","volume":"7","author":"A Rajabali","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0304523.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2021.10.004","article-title":"The impact of COVID-19 lockdown on maintenance of children\u2019s dental health: A questionnaire-based survey","volume":"153","author":"M Gotler","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Dent Assoc"},{"key":"pone.0304523.ref025","volume-title":"Environmental factors and oral health","author":"SK Sandhu","year":"2017"},{"key":"pone.0304523.ref026","volume-title":"Global oral health status report: towards universal health coverage for oral health by 2030. Executive summary","author":"World Health Organisation","year":"2022"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0304523.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1111\/ipd.12783","article-title":"The global prevalence of early childhood caries: A systematic review with meta-analysis using the WHO diagnostic criteria","volume":"31","author":"SE Uribe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Paediatr Dent"},{"key":"pone.0304523.ref028","unstructured":"Statistica. Countries that are most affected by hunger and malnutrition according to the Global Hunger Index 2023. Available at: https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/269924\/countries-most-affected-by-hunger-in-the-world-according-to-world-hunger-index\/. Accessed: 18 March 2024."},{"key":"pone.0304523.ref029","unstructured":"Statistica. Drought risk score worldwide 2020, by country. Available at: https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/1099051\/drought-risk-by-country\/. Accessed: 18 March 2024."},{"key":"pone.0304523.ref030","unstructured":"Statistica. The 20 countries with the highest unemployment rate in 2022. Available at: https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/264656\/countries-with-the-highest-unemployment-rate\/. Accessed: 18 March 2024."},{"key":"pone.0304523.ref031","unstructured":"Statistica. Least gender equal countries in the world in 2021. Available at: hhttps:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/1221085\/least-gender-equal-countries-in-the-world\/. Accessed: 18 March 2024."},{"key":"pone.0304523.ref032","unstructured":"Vision of humanity. Overall GPI score. Available at: https:\/\/www.visionofhumanity.org\/maps\/#\/. Accessed: 18 March 2024."},{"key":"pone.0304523.ref033","unstructured":"World Economic Forum. Global migration, by the numbers: who migrates, where they go and why. January 2020. Available at: https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/agenda\/2020\/01\/iom-global-migration-report-international-migrants-2020\/. Accessed: 18 March 2024."},{"key":"pone.0304523.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"MJ Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"pone.0304523.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","article-title":"PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-SCR): Checklist and explanation","volume":"169","author":"AC Tricco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0304523.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-018-0611-x","article-title":"Systematic review or scoping review? Guidance for authors when choosing between a systematic or scoping review approach","volume":"18","author":"Z Munn","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0304523.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2003.09.031","article-title":"Ecological and geochemical modelling of hydrogeological system with particular connection to human health","volume":"174","author":"YQ Cao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ecological Modelling"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0304523.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16526","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-96075-3","article-title":"Impact of land use\/land cover changes on water quality and human health in district Peshawar Pakistan","volume":"11","author":"W Ahmad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0304523.ref039","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. Major risk resulting from human activities. Available at: chrome-extension:\/\/efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj\/https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/177155\/Synt_R_5.pdf?sequence=5&isAllowed=y#:~:text=Land%20degradation%20can%20cause%20malnutrition%20through%20reduced%20food%20productivity%2C%20but,to%20cause%20erosion%20and%20landslides. Accessed: 12 April 2023."},{"issue":"S1","key":"pone.0304523.ref040","article-title":"Mountain Ecosystem Services: Who Cares?","volume":"32","author":"A Gr\u00eat-Regamey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Source: Mountain Research and Development"},{"key":"pone.0304523.ref041","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Biodiversity and Health. Available at: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/biodiversity-and-health. Accessed: 12 April 2023."},{"key":"pone.0304523.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134301","article-title":"Influence of land use and rainfall on the optical properties of dissolved organic matter in a key drinking water reservoir in China","volume":"699","author":"Y Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science of The Total Environment"},{"key":"pone.0304523.ref043","volume-title":"Our teeth and our soils","author":"WMA Albrecht","year":"1948"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0304523.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1177\/2229411220160203","article-title":"Trace Elements and Oral Health: A Systematic Review","volume":"7","author":"MU Pathak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Advanced Oral Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0304523.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3733\/ca.v054n02p49","article-title":"Trace elements slowly accumulating, depleting in soils","volume":"54","author":"A Chang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Calif Agr"},{"key":"pone.0304523.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gexplo.2012.11.012","article-title":"Gombos F. Ancient and recent evidence of endemic fluorosis in the Naples area","volume":"131","author":"P Petrone","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration"},{"key":"pone.0304523.ref047","volume-title":"Trace Elements\u2014Human Health and Environment","author":"MS Do\u011fan","year":"2018"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0304523.ref048","first-page":"54","article-title":"Dental fluorosis among 15- year- old school children in an endemic district in Sri Lanka","volume":"39","author":"BKG Thilakarathne","year":"2022","journal-title":"Community Dent Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0304523.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v20i1.54","article-title":"Periodontal and dental conditions of a school population in a volcanic region of Tanzania with highly fluoridated community drinking water","volume":"20","author":"J Miranda-Rius","year":"2020","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0304523.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.4038\/cmj.v62i4.8570","article-title":"High prevalence of dental fluorosis among schoolchildren in three villages in Vavuniya District: an observational study","volume":"62","author":"PS Rajapakse","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ceylon Med J"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0304523.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.4103\/jisppd.jisppd_185_22","article-title":"Prevalence of dental fluorosis and dental caries in fluoride endemic areas of Rohtak district, Haryana","volume":"40","author":"R Rani","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0304523.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.1994.tb02052.x","article-title":"Timing of eruption of permanent teeth: standard Finnish patient documents","volume":"22","author":"JI Virtanen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Community Dent Oral Epidemiol"},{"key":"pone.0304523.ref053","unstructured":"Schatz A, Martin JJ. Soil, Water, Food and Teeth. Available at: chrome-extension:\/\/efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj\/https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/josnusd1959\/4\/4\/4_4_200\/_pdf."},{"key":"pone.0304523.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/338047a0","article-title":"A global assessment of natural sources of atmospheric trace metals","volume":"338","author":"JO Nriagu","year":"1989","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pone.0304523.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-52272-6.00638-3","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Environmental Health","author":"V H\u00f6llriegl","year":"2011"},{"key":"pone.0304523.ref056","first-page":"72","article-title":"Effect of trace elements on dental caries in human tooth","volume":"2","author":"CJ Yem","year":"1991","journal-title":"Chung Shan Med J"},{"key":"pone.0304523.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5337.1039","article-title":"Dental caries and trace elements","volume":"1","author":"P Adler","year":"1963","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0304523.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1130\/0016-7606(1972)83[181:SAISAI]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Selenium Accumulation in Soils and Its Absorption by Plants and Animals","volume":"83","author":"H. Lakin","year":"1972","journal-title":"GSA Bulletin"},{"key":"pone.0304523.ref059","unstructured":"United Sates Environmental Protection Agency. Learn about Lead. Available at: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/lead\/learn-about-lead#:~:text=Lead%20can%20be%20found%20in,lead%2Dbased%20paint%20in%20homes. 2022. Accessed: 23rd March 2023."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0304523.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1097\/00010694-194210000-00005","article-title":"Determination of active manganese in soil","volume":"54","author":"GD Sherman","year":"1942","journal-title":"Soil Science"},{"key":"pone.0304523.ref061","unstructured":"Deb DL. Development of soil and plant analytical methods for micronutrients and sulphur in Srilanka. GCPF\/SRI\/047\/NET field document No. 11. 1992."},{"key":"pone.0304523.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2019.104388","article-title":"Cadmium in soils and groundwater: A review","volume":"108","author":"A Kubier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl Geochem"},{"key":"pone.0304523.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1590\/0103-6440201302329","article-title":"In situ effect of titanium tetrafluoride and sodium fluoride on artificially decayed human enamel","volume":"25","author":"PC Alc\u00e2ntara","year":"2014","journal-title":"Braz Dent J"},{"key":"pone.0304523.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-77572005000400002","article-title":"Titanium tetrafluoride and dental caries: A systematic review","volume":"13","author":"RD Alves","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Appl Oral Sci"},{"key":"pone.0304523.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345450240020101","article-title":"The effect of various ions on enamel solubility","volume":"24","author":"MG Buonocore","year":"1946","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"pone.0304523.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1159\/000260286","article-title":"Strontium content of enamel and dental caries","volume":"11","author":"ME Curzon","year":"1977","journal-title":"Caries Res"},{"key":"pone.0304523.ref067","first-page":"769","article-title":"Etiology of caries in Papua-New Guinea. Associations in soil, food and water","volume":"43","author":"DE Barmes","year":"1970","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"pone.0304523.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345770560101201","article-title":"The effects of fluoride on the percentage bacterial composition of dental plaque, on caries incidence, and on the in vitro growth of Streptococcus mutans, Actinomyces viscosus, and Actinobacillus sp","volume":"56","author":"D Beighton","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"pone.0304523.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(78)90189-9","article-title":"Relationships of trace elements in human tooth enamel to dental caries","volume":"23","author":"ME Curzon","year":"1978","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0304523.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-009-8435-5","article-title":"An experimental study of the effect of strontium pre-treatment on calcium release from carious and non-carious teeth","volume":"133","author":"M Riyat","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0304523.ref071","first-page":"437","article-title":"X-ray diffraction patterns in human dentin, enamel and synthetic apatites related to Zn concentration","volume":"89","author":"R Lappalainen","year":"1981","journal-title":"Scand J Dent Res"},{"key":"pone.0304523.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(91)90008-I","article-title":"The effect of lead acetate on dentine formation in the rat","volume":"36","author":"J. Appleton","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol"},{"key":"pone.0304523.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(91)90118-E","article-title":"A study of the relationship between trace elements in saliva and dental caries in children","volume":"36","author":"MS Duggal","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol"},{"key":"pone.0304523.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345520310010801","article-title":"Studies on the effect of metallic salts on acid production in saliva. I","volume":"31","author":"JC Forbes","year":"1952","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0304523.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01940359","article-title":"The epidemiology of dental caries in relation to environmental trace elements","volume":"43","author":"BE Davies","year":"1987","journal-title":"Experientia"},{"key":"pone.0304523.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2022.126990","article-title":"Functional role of inorganic trace elements in dentin apatite tissue-part III: Se, F, Ag, and B","volume":"72","author":"MA Saghiri","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Trace Elem Med Biol"},{"key":"pone.0304523.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1177\/154407370802000104","article-title":"How to maintain a cariostatic fluoride concentration in the oral environment","volume":"20","author":"JA Cury","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv Dent Res"},{"key":"pone.0304523.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1980.10667488","article-title":"Influence of cadmium on caries and the cariostatic properties of fluoride in rats","volume":"35","author":"TR Shearer","year":"1980","journal-title":"Arch Environ Health"},{"key":"pone.0304523.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.01.018","article-title":"Traffic-related trace elements in soils along six highway segments on the Tibetan Plateau: Influence factors and spatial variation\u2014ScienceDirect","volume":"582","author":"G.X. Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0304523.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.32086","article-title":"Dental fluorosis and oral health in the African Esophageal Cancer Corridor: Findings from the Kenya ESCCAPE case-control study and a pan-African perspective","volume":"145","author":"D Menya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"pone.0304523.ref081","article-title":"Environmental Exposure Disparities and Neurodevelopmental Risk: a Review","author":"AS Dickerson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Environ Health Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0304523.ref082","first-page":"218","article-title":"The effect of the extract of the miswak (chewing sticks) used in Jordan and the Middle East on oral bacteria","volume":"45","author":"T Al lafi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int Dent J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0304523.ref083","first-page":"101","article-title":"Efficacy of Chewing Sticks Extract on the Agent of Dental Carries Isolates","volume":"11","author":"OM Adeoti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0304523.ref084","first-page":"232","article-title":"The chewing stick in oral health","volume":"4","author":"C Enwonwu","year":"1985","journal-title":"World Health Forum"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0304523.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.2307\/3673773","article-title":"Mountain Ecosystems and Women: Opportunities for Sustainable Development and Conservation","volume":"14","author":"E Byers","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mountain Research and Development"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0304523.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.4274\/jpr.galenos.2020.96977","article-title":"The Influence of Maternal Factors on Children\u2019s Oral Health: Mothers\u2019 Age, Education Level, Toothbrushing Habit and Socioeconomic Status","volume":"7","author":"B Kuter","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pediatr Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0304523.ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.12449","article-title":"The heterogeneous nature of water well fluoride levels in Sri Lanka: An opportunity to mitigate the dental fluorosis","volume":"47","author":"N Ranasinghe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Community Dent Oral Epidemiol"},{"key":"pone.0304523.ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.154111","article-title":"The potential of groundwater-dependent ecosystems to enhance soil biological activity and soil fertility in drylands","volume":"826","author":"MT Torres-Garc\u00eda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science of The Total Environment"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0304523.ref089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1111\/idj.12476","article-title":"Spatial distribution of groundwater fluoride levels and population at risk for dental caries and dental fluorosis in Sri Lanka","volume":"69","author":"N Ranasinghe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int Dent J"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0304523.ref090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s12594-016-0391-z","article-title":"Spatial variability offluorine in agricultural soils around SidhiDistrict, Central India","volume":"87","author":"B Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal ofGeological Society of India"},{"key":"pone.0304523.ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1177\/154407370802000104","article-title":"How to maintain a cariostatic fluoride concentration in the oral environment","volume":"20","author":"LM Tenuta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv Dent Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0304523.ref092","first-page":"CD010856","article-title":"Water fluoridation for the prevention of dental caries","volume":"2015","author":"Z Iheozor-Ejiofor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0304523.ref093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebdp.2005.06.016","article-title":"Dental fluorosis increases caries risk","volume":"5","author":"J Cunha-Cruz","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Evid Based Dent Pract"},{"key":"pone.0304523.ref094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-019-0529-z","article-title":"Urban health: an example of a \u201chealth in all policies\u201d approach in the context of SDGs implementation","volume":"15","author":"O. Ramirez-Rubio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Global Health"},{"key":"pone.0304523.ref095","unstructured":"WHO. World conference on social determinants of health, Rio de Janeiro. 2011."},{"key":"pone.0304523.ref096","volume-title":"Achieving SDG 3. Policy Brief Series 2018","author":"O Ramirez-Rubio","year":"2018"},{"key":"pone.0304523.ref097","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. Health impact assessment (HIA) tools and methods. 2023. Available from: available from https:\/\/www.who.int\/tools\/health-impact-assessments. Accessed: 8 January 2023."},{"key":"pone.0304523.ref098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.03.022","article-title":"Participatory quantitative health impact assessment of urban and transport planning in cities: a review and research needs","volume":"103","author":"MJ Nieuwenhuijsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"pone.0304523.ref099","unstructured":"UC Davis Library. Systematic Review: Level of Evidence. May 1 2024. Available at: https:\/\/guides.library.ucdavis.edu\/systematic-reviews\/levels-of-evidence#:~:text=The%20hierarchy%20of%20evidence%20(also,through%20evidence%20with%20decreasing%20strength. Accessed: 10 May 2024."},{"key":"pone.0304523.ref100","volume-title":"MIT Press Essential Knowledge Series","author":"PR Rosenbaum","year":"2023"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0304523","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]],"date-time":"2024-07-11T17:39:11Z","timestamp":1720719551000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0304523"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Hadi","family":"Ghasemi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0304523","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]]}}}