{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T06:18:52Z","timestamp":1791958732744,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]],"date-time":"2024-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SAS Grant 410553"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SAS Grant 410553"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000038","name":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5U19FD007113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5U19FD007113"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>coli<\/jats:italic>) is an emerging pathogen of high concern given its resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins. Broiler chicken, which is the number one consumed meat in the United States and worldwide, can be a reservoir of ESBL <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>coli<\/jats:italic>. Backyard poultry ownership is on the rise in the United States, yet there is little research investigating prevalence of ESBL <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>coli<\/jats:italic> in this setting. This study aims to identify the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profiles (phenotypically and genotypically) of ESBL <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>coli<\/jats:italic> in some backyard and commercial broiler farms in the U.S. For this study ten backyard and ten commercial farms were visited at three time-points across flock production. Fecal (n = 10), litter\/compost (n = 5), soil (n = 5), and swabs of feeders and waterers (n = 6) were collected at each visit and processed for <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>coli<\/jats:italic>. Assessment of ESBL phenotype was determined through using disk diffusion with 3<jats:sup>rd<\/jats:sup> generation cephalosporins, cefotaxime and ceftazidime, and that with clavulanic acid. Broth microdilution and whole genome sequencing were used to investigate both phenotypic and genotypic resistance profiles, respectively. ESBL <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>coli<\/jats:italic> was more prevalent in backyard farms with 12.95% of samples testing positive whereas 0.77% of commercial farm samples were positive. All isolates contained a <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>CTX-M<\/jats:sub> gene, the dominant variant being <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>CTX-M-1<\/jats:sub>, and its presence was entirely due to plasmids. Our study confirms concerns of growing resistance to fourth generation cephalosporin, cefepime, as roughly half (51.4%) of all isolates were found to be susceptible dose-dependent and few were resistant. Resistance to non-beta lactams, gentamicin and ciprofloxacin, was also detected in our samples. Our study identifies prevalence of <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>CTX-M<\/jats:sub> type ESBL <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>coli<\/jats:italic> in U.S. backyard broiler farms, emphasizing the need for interventions for food and production safety.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0304599","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]],"date-time":"2024-06-03T17:29:48Z","timestamp":1717435788000},"page":"e0304599","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Widespread prevalence of plasmid-mediated blaCTX-M type extended-spectrum beta-lactamase Escherichia coli in backyard broiler production systems in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Jessica L.","family":"Parzygnat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6286-1004","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rocio","family":"Crespo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew D.","family":"Koci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert R.","family":"Dunn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lyndy","family":"Harden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Fosnaught","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3787-9939","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Siddhartha","family":"Thakur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0304599.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dlab092","DOI":"10.1093\/jacamr\/dlab092","article-title":"Extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases: an update on their characteristics, epidemiology and detection.","volume":"3","author":"M Castanheira","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAC-antimicrobial resistance."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0304599.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8545(21)00367-3","article-title":"Extended-spectrum (second- and third-generation) cephalosporins.","volume":"19","author":"NL Eriksen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America"},{"key":"pone.0304599.ref003","first-page":"1","author":"CDC","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0304599.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12756","article-title":"The occurrence of Salmonella, extended\u2010spectrum \u03b2\u2010lactamase producing Escherichia coli and carbapenem resistant non\u2010fermenting Gram\u2010negative bacteria in a backyard poultry flock environment.","volume":"67","author":"DH Shah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zoonoses and public health."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0304599.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2622","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pez009","article-title":"Extended spectrum \u00df-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli among backyard poultry farms, farmers, and environments in Thailand","volume":"98","author":"U Tansawai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Poultry science"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0304599.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e79005","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0079005","article-title":"Presence of ESBL\/AmpC -Producing Escherichia coli in the Broiler Production Pyramid: A Descriptive Study.","volume":"8","author":"CM Dierikx","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS one."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0304599.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1017\/S1466252317000020","article-title":"Types and prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae in poultry.","volume":"18","author":"EM Saliu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Animal Health Research Reviews"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0304599.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP292","article-title":"The Prevalence of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli in Poultry Chickens and Variation According to Farming Practices in Punjab, India","volume":"125","author":"CH Brower","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environmental Health Perspectives"},{"key":"pone.0304599.ref009","author":"USDA","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chicken\u2019s popularity makes it the most consumed U.S. meat"},{"key":"pone.0304599.ref010","article-title":"Meat consumption worldwide from 1990 to 2021,","author":"M. 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