{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T06:41:35Z","timestamp":1791960095248,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]],"date-time":"2024-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Schistosomiasis is a neglected disease prevalent in tropical and sub-tropical areas of the world, especially in Africa. Detecting the presence of the disease is based on the detection of the parasites in the stool or urine of children and adults. In such studies, typically, data collected on schistosomiasis infection includes information on many negative individuals leading to a high zero inflation. Thus, in practice, counts data with excessive zeros are common. However, the purpose of this analysis is to apply statistical models to the count data and evaluate their performance and results.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This is a secondary analysis of previously collected data. As part of a modelling process, a comparison of the Poisson regression, negative binomial regression and their associated zero inflated and hurdle models were used to determine which offered the best fit to the count data.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Overall, 94.1% of the study participants did not have any schistosomiasis eggs out of 1345 people tested, resulting in a high zero inflation. The performance of the negative binomial regression models (hurdle negative binomial (HNB), zero inflated negative binomial (ZINB) and the standard negative binomial) were better than the Poisson-based regression models (Poisson, zero inflated Poisson, hurdle Poisson). The best models were the ZINB and HNB and their performances were indistinguishable according to information-based criteria test values.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The zero-inflated negative binomial and hurdle negative binomial models were found to be the most satisfactory fit for modelling the over-dispersed zero inflated count data and are recommended for use in future statistical modelling analyses.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0304681","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]],"date-time":"2024-07-12T17:25:30Z","timestamp":1720805130000},"page":"e0304681","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Using zero-inflated and hurdle regression models to analyze schistosomiasis data of school children in the southern areas of Ghana"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8009-5450","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kojo","family":"Nketia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5000-6177","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dziedzom K.","family":"de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0304681.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sturrock RF. The Schistosomes and their intermediate hosts. In: Tropical medicine. 2001. p. 7\u201383. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1142\/9781848161511_0002","DOI":"10.1142\/9781848161511_0002"},{"key":"pone.0304681.ref002","article-title":"Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology","author":"SH Ahmed","year":"2023","journal-title":"eMedicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0304681.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.4155\/fmc.15.27","article-title":"Schistosomiasis and its treatment","volume":"7","author":"CR Caffrey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Future Med Chem"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0304681.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2004.01282.x","article-title":"Infant schistosomiasis in Ghana: a survey in an irrigation community","volume":"9","author":"KM Bosompem","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0304681.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-021-00362-8","article-title":"Urogenital schistosomiasis burden in school-aged children in Tiko, Cameroon: a cross-sectional study on prevalence, intensity, knowledge and risk factors","volume":"49","author":"IUN Sumbele","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop Med Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0304681.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2014.11.004","article-title":"Impact of human schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"19","author":"AF Adenowo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Braz J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0304681.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0766-9","article-title":"The roles of water, sanitation and hygiene in reducing schistosomiasis: a review","volume":"8","author":"JE Grimes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0304681.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2131","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002131","article-title":"Analysis of Schistosomiasis haematobium infection prevalence and intensity in Chikhwawa, Malawi: an application of a two part model","volume":"7","author":"MG Chipeta","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0304681.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.2011.031740","article-title":"Statistical modelling of falls count data with excess zeros","volume":"17","author":"A Khan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Inj Prev"},{"key":"pone.0304681.ref010","unstructured":"Bhaktha N. Properties of Hurdle Negative Binomial Models for Zero-Inflated and Overdispersed Count data. Doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University. 2018. Available: http:\/\/rave.ohiolink.edu\/etdc\/view?acc_num=osu1543573678017356."},{"key":"pone.0304681.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139013567.005","volume-title":"Regression Analysis of Count Data","author":"AC Cameron","year":"2013"},{"key":"pone.0304681.ref012","unstructured":"Mohammed. Zero-Inflated Models. Otago University. Available: https:\/\/www.otago.ac.nz\/ripe\/otago301201.pdf."},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0304681.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1002\/bimj.4710360505","article-title":"Zero\u2010Altered and other Regression Models for Count Data with Added Zeros","volume":"36","author":"DC Heilbron","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biometrical Journal"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0304681.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1080\/00949655.2012.668550","article-title":"Zero-inflated and overdispersed: what\u2019s one to do?","volume":"83","author":"SE Perumean-Chaney","year":"2013","journal-title":"Statistical Computation and Simulation\/Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0304681.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2307\/1269547","article-title":"Zero-Inflated Poisson Regression, with an Application to Defects in Manufacturing","volume":"34","author":"D Lambert","year":"1992","journal-title":"Technometrics"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0304681.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.3109\/00952990.2011.597280","article-title":"Zero-inflated and hurdle models of count data with extra zeros: examples from an HIV-risk reduction intervention trial","volume":"37","author":"MC Hu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0304681.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s40488-021-00121-4","article-title":"A comparison of zero-inflated and hurdle models for modeling zero-inflated count data","volume":"8","author":"CX Feng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Stat Distrib Appl"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0304681.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1179\/136485908X337490","article-title":"Application of a circulating-cathodic-antigen (CCA) strip test and real-time PCR, in comparison with microscopy, for the detection of Schistosoma haematobium in urine samples from Ghana","volume":"102","author":"BB Obeng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0304681.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0571","article-title":"Molecular diagnosis of Schistosoma infections in urine samples of school children in Ghana","volume":"88","author":"YA Aryeetey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0304681.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e10440","article-title":"Urogenital schistosomiasis transmission, malaria and anemia among school-age children in Northern Ghana","volume":"8","author":"S Dassah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0304681.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed4030110","article-title":"Prevalence and Risk Factors for Schistosomiasis among Schoolchildren in two Settings of C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire","volume":"4","author":"EK Angora","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0304681.ref022","article-title":"Risk factors of schistosomiasis","author":"M Nelwan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Social Science Research Network"},{"key":"pone.0304681.ref023","article-title":"Categorical data analysis","author":"A Agresti","year":"2002","journal-title":"Wiley series in probability and statistics"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0304681.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksus.2022.101932","article-title":"Zero-inflated and hurdle models with an application to the number of involved axillary lymph nodes in primary breast cancer","volume":"34","author":"M Liaqat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of King Saud University\u2014Science"},{"issue":"151","key":"pone.0304681.ref025","article-title":"A dynamic hurdle model for zero-inflated count data: with an application to health care utilization","author":"G Baetschmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Social Science Research Network"},{"key":"pone.0304681.ref026","unstructured":"Ridout M, Dem\u00e9trio CGB, Hinde J. Models for count data with many zeros. International Biometric Conference. Cape Town. 13. 1\u201313; 1998."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0304681.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.2307\/1912557","article-title":"Likelihood ratio tests for model selection and Non-Nested hypotheses","volume":"57","author":"QH Vuong","year":"1989","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0304681.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(94)90038-8","article-title":"The relationship between truck accidents and geometric design of road sections: Poisson versus negative binomial regressions","volume":"26","author":"SP Miaou","year":"1994","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0304681.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12541","article-title":"The relative performance of AIC, AICC and BIC in the presence of unobserved heterogeneity","volume":"7","author":"MJ Brewer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Methods in Ecology and Evolution"},{"key":"pone.0304681.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139236065","volume-title":"Modeling count data","author":"JM Hilbe","year":"2014","edition":"1"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0304681.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/wics.1607","article-title":"Information criteria for model selection","volume":"15","author":"J Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Computational Statistics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0304681.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.12962\/j27213862.v5i1.12422","article-title":"Evaluating the performance of Zero-Inflated and Hurdle Poisson models for modeling overdispersion in count data","volume":"5","author":"A Aswi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inferensi: Jurnal Statistika"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0304681.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v027.i08","article-title":"Regression Models for Count Data in R","volume":"27","author":"A Zeileis","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Stat. Soft"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0304681.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.4314\/ejhs.v24i3.1","article-title":"Status of Schistosoma mansoni prevalence and intensity of infection in geographically apart endemic localities of Ethiopia: a comparison","volume":"24","author":"M Aemero","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ethiop J Health Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0304681.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1080\/00031305.2016.1173590","article-title":"Visualizing count data regressions using rootograms","volume":"70","author":"C Kleiber","year":"2016","journal-title":"The American Statistician"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0304681.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trac134","article-title":"A literature review of schistosomiasis in Ghana: a reference for bridging the research and control gap","volume":"117","author":"EM Boateng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pone.0304681.ref037","unstructured":"World Health Organization: WHO. WHO launches new guideline for the control and elimination of human schistosomiasis. WHO [Internet]. 2022 Feb 22; Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/22-02-2022-who-launches-new-guideline-for-the-control-and-elimination-of-human-schistosomiasis."},{"key":"pone.0304681.ref038","unstructured":"World Health Organization: WHO. Schistosomiasis. WHO [Internet]. 2023. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/schistosomiasis."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0304681.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0011377","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011377","article-title":"Associations of water contact frequency, duration, and activities with schistosome infection risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"F Reitzug","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0304681.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-018-3871-y","article-title":"Prevalence of schistosomiasis and associated risk factors among school children in Um-Asher Area, Khartoum, Sudan","volume":"11","author":"K Hajissa","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0304681.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1007\/s44229-022-00021-y","article-title":"Urinary schistosomiasis and associated risk factors among primary school students in the Zaki Local Government area, Bauchi State, Nigeria","volume":"4","author":"BM Abubakar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dr Sulaiman Al Habib Medical Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0304681.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2022.60.1.51","article-title":"Association Between the Prevalence of Schistosomiasis in Elementary School Students and Their Parental Occupation in Sudan","volume":"60","author":"Y Jin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Korean J Parasitol"},{"key":"pone.0304681.ref043","unstructured":"Sokolow S. The History of Schistosomiasis in Ghana. Stanford University. Available: https:\/\/schisto.stanford.edu\/pdf\/Ghana.pdf."}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0304681","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]],"date-time":"2024-07-12T17:25:55Z","timestamp":1720805155000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0304681"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jean","family":"Coulibaly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0304681","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]]}}}