{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T20:24:22Z","timestamp":1782332662704,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008902","name":"Los Alamos National Laboratory","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20180005DR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20180005DR"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008902","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Yersinia pestis<\/jats:italic>, the causative agent of plague and a biological threat agent, presents an urgent need for novel medical countermeasures due to documented cases of naturally acquired antibiotic resistance and potential person-to-person spread during a pneumonic infection. Immunotherapy has been proposed as a way to circumvent current and future antibiotic resistance. Here, we describe the development and characterization of two affinity matured human antibodies (\u03b1F1Ig AM2 and \u03b1F1Ig AM8) that promote survival of mice after exposure to aerosolized <jats:italic>Y<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pestis<\/jats:italic>. We share details of the error prone PCR and yeast display technology-based affinity maturation process that we used. The resultant matured antibodies have nanomolar affinity for <jats:italic>Y<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pestis<\/jats:italic> F1 antigen, are produced in high yield, and are resilient to 37\u00b0C stress for up to 6 months. Importantly, in vitro assays using a murine macrophage cell line demonstrated that \u03b1F1Ig AM2 and \u03b1F1Ig AM8 are opsonic. Even more importantly, in vivo studies using pneumonic plague mouse models showed that 100% of the mice receiving 500 \u03bcg of IgGs \u03b1F1Ig AM2 and \u03b1F1Ig AM8 survived lethal challenge with aerosolized <jats:italic>Y<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pestis<\/jats:italic> CO92. Combined, these results provide evidence of the quality and robustness of \u03b1F1Ig AM2 and \u03b1F1Ig AM8 and support their development as potential medical countermeasures against plague.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0305034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T19:22:49Z","timestamp":1719948169000},"page":"e0305034","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Characterization of two affinity matured Anti-Yersinia pestis F1 human antibodies with medical countermeasure potential"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4488-9126","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nileena","family":"Velappan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergei S.","family":"Biryukov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathaniel O.","family":"Rill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher P.","family":"Klimko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raysa","family":"Rosario-Acevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Shoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Hunter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Dankmeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David P.","family":"Fetterer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5009-9369","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniel","family":"Bedinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary E.","family":"Phipps","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4329-1309","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Austin J.","family":"Watt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3906-8761","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rebecca J.","family":"Abergel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armand","family":"Dichosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stosh A.","family":"Kozimor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher K.","family":"Cote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0457-6598","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Antonietta M.","family":"Lillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0305034.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2016.211","article-title":"Radiotherapy and immunotherapy: a beneficial liaison?","volume":"14","author":"RR Weichselbaum","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature reviews Clinical oncology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0305034.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3236","article-title":"Antibody therapy of cancer","volume":"12","author":"AM Scott","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature reviews cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0305034.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1957","article-title":"Antibody targeted drugs as cancer therapeutics","volume":"5","author":"D Schrama","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature reviews Drug discovery"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0305034.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2018.05.014","article-title":"The increasingly human and profitable monoclonal antibody market","volume":"37","author":"AL Grilo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends in biotechnology"},{"issue":"16","key":"pone.0305034.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.4783","article-title":"Treatment of 5 Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19 With Convalescent Plasma","volume":"323","author":"C Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"pone.0305034.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110337","article-title":"Monoclonal antibody as a potential anti-COVID-19","volume":"129","author":"L Jahanshahlu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"pone.0305034.ref007"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0305034.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1086\/524891","article-title":"The epidemic of antibiotic-resistant infections: a call to action for the medical community from the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"46","author":"B Spellberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clinical infectious diseases"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0305034.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2019.03.002","article-title":"Where are we with monoclonal antibodies for multidrug-resistant infections?","volume":"24","author":"MJ McConnell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug discovery today"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0305034.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/84.4.660","article-title":"Antibodies: an alternative for antibiotics?","volume":"84","author":"L Berghman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Poultry Science"},{"key":"pone.0305034.ref011","first-page":"1320","article-title":"Approval of raxibacumab for the treatment of inhalation anthrax under the US Food and Drug Administration \u201cAnimal Rule\u201d","volume":"6","author":"C-W Tsai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Frontiers in microbiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0305034.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.12433","article-title":"Animal\u2010to\u2010human dose translation of obiltoxaximab for treatment of inhalational anthrax under the US FDA Animal Rule","volume":"10","author":"C Nagy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clinical and translational science"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0305034.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2016.257","article-title":"FDA approves antitoxin antibody","volume":"15","author":"A. Mullard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature reviews Drug discovery"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0305034.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9040155","article-title":"Monoclonal Antibodies as an Antibacterial Approach against Bacterial Pathogens","volume":"9","author":"DV Zurawski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"issue":"24","key":"pone.0305034.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2293","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1910993","article-title":"A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Ebola Virus Disease Therapeutics","volume":"381","author":"S Mulangu","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0305034.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NAJ.0000742484.81331.b2","article-title":"Monoclonal Antibody Approved to Treat Ebola","volume":"121","author":"DS Aschenbrenner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Nurs"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0305034.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2014.12.013","article-title":"The Ebola epidemic in West Africa: challenges, opportunities, and policy priority areas","volume":"63","author":"AG Buseh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nurs Outlook"},{"issue":"6506","key":"pone.0305034.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd0831","article-title":"Antibody cocktail to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein prevents rapid mutational escape seen with individual antibodies","volume":"369","author":"A Baum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0305034.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1086\/599794","article-title":"Development of resistance to passive therapy with a potently neutralizing humanized monoclonal antibody against West Nile virus","volume":"200","author":"S Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Journal of infectious diseases"},{"issue":"34","key":"pone.0305034.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25894","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)74471-8","article-title":"Loss of a neutralizing epitope by a spontaneous point mutation in the V3 loop of HIV-1 isolated from an infected laboratory worker","volume":"268","author":"F di Marzo Veronese","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0305034.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12598","DOI":"10.1080\/21655979.2022.2076390","article-title":"Healthy humans can be a source of antibodies countering COVID-19","volume":"13","author":"N Velappan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioengineered"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0305034.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2012.12.006","article-title":"Combination approaches to combat multidrug-resistant bacteria","volume":"31","author":"RJ Worthington","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends in biotechnology"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0305034.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1038\/s41435-019-0065-0","article-title":"Yersinia pestis and plague: an updated view on evolution, virulence determinants, immune subversion, vaccination, and diagnostics","volume":"20","author":"CE Demeure","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genes & Immunity"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0305034.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.10.1.35","article-title":"Yersinia pestis\u2014etiologic agent of plague","volume":"10","author":"RD Perry","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clinical microbiology reviews"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0305034.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0008251","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008251","article-title":"Human plague: An old scourge that needs new answers","volume":"14","author":"X Vall\u00e8s","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0305034.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2502.171974","article-title":"Trends of Human Plague, Madagascar, 1998\u20132016","volume":"25","author":"V Andrianaivoarimanana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0305034.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30730-8","article-title":"Epidemiological characteristics of an urban plague epidemic in Madagascar, August-November, 2017: an outbreak report","volume":"19","author":"R Randremanana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0305034.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2101.131828","article-title":"Pneumonic plague outbreak, Northern Madagascar, 2011","volume":"21","author":"V Richard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0305034.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3233","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00306-06","article-title":"Resistance of Yersinia pestis to antimicrobial agents","volume":"50","author":"M Galimand","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0305034.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2017.09.015","article-title":"Plasmid-mediated doxycycline resistance in a Yersinia pestis strain isolated from a rat","volume":"51","author":"N Cabanel","year":"2018","journal-title":"International journal of antimicrobial agents"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0305034.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.2165\/00066982-200106040-00013","article-title":"Biological agents: weapons of warfare and bioterrorism","volume":"6","author":"LA Broussard","year":"2001","journal-title":"Molecular diagnosis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0305034.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2015.11.008","article-title":"Pneumonic plague: the darker side of Yersinia pestis","volume":"24","author":"RD Pechous","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends in microbiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0305034.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00950-08","article-title":"The Yersinia pestis caf1M1A1 fimbrial capsule operon promotes transmission by flea bite in a mouse model of bubonic plague","volume":"77","author":"F Sebbane","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infection and immunity"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0305034.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.3.1453-1460.2002","article-title":"Role of fraction 1 antigen of Yersinia pestis in inhibition of phagocytosis","volume":"70","author":"Y Du","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infection and immunity"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0305034.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1997.56.471","article-title":"Protection of mice from fatal bubonic and pneumonic plague by passive immunization with monoclonal antibodies against the F1 protein of Yersinia pestis","volume":"56","author":"GW Anderson","year":"1997","journal-title":"The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0305034.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2234","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.4.2234-2238.2003","article-title":"Synergistic protection of mice against plague with monoclonal antibodies specific for the F1 and V antigens of Yersinia pestis","volume":"71","author":"J Hill","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infection and immunity"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0305034.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3068","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.74.5.3068-3070.2006","article-title":"Administration of antibody to the lung protects mice against pneumonic plague","volume":"74","author":"J Hill","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infection and immunity"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0305034.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.46697-0","article-title":"Treatment of plague: promising alternatives to antibiotics","volume":"55","author":"AP Anisimov","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of medical microbiology"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0305034.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13047","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013047","article-title":"Human anti-plague monoclonal antibodies protect mice from Yersinia pestis in a bubonic plague model","volume":"5","author":"X Xiao","year":"2010","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0305034.ref040","first-page":"1","article-title":"Rapid and sensitive detection of Yersinia pestis by lateral-flow assay in simulated clinical samples","volume":"18","author":"H-L Hsu","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC infectious diseases"},{"key":"pone.0305034.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.2147\/ITT.S267077","article-title":"Development of Anti-Yersinia pestis Human Antibodies with Features Required for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications","volume":"9","author":"AM Lillo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunotargets Ther"},{"key":"pone.0305034.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/protein\/gzaa029","article-title":"Construction, characterization and crystal structure of a fluorescent single-chain Fv chimera","volume":"34","author":"N Velappan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Protein Eng Des Sel"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0305034.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.1791","article-title":"Beyond natural antibodies: the power of in vitro display technologies","volume":"29","author":"AR Bradbury","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature biotechnology"},{"key":"pone.0305034.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012164730-8\/50060-5","volume-title":"Cell Biology","author":"AM Lillo","year":"2006"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0305034.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1021\/cr960065d","article-title":"Phage display","volume":"97","author":"GP Smith","year":"1997","journal-title":"Chemical reviews"},{"key":"pone.0305034.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(00)28410-3","article-title":"[25] Yeast surface display for directed evolution of protein expression, affinity, and stability","volume":"328","author":"ET Boder","year":"2000","journal-title":"Methods in enzymology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0305034.ref047","first-page":"017","article-title":"Hybridoma technology for production of monoclonal antibodies","volume":"1","author":"S. Pandey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hybridoma"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0305034.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.2217\/imt.11.4","article-title":"Hybridoma technologies for antibody production","volume":"3","author":"M Tomita","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunotherapy"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0305034.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1080\/19420862.2019.1632113","article-title":"Selection and characterization of Fc\u03b5RI phospho-ITAM specific antibodies","volume":"11","author":"N Velappan","year":"2019","journal-title":"MAbs"},{"key":"pone.0305034.ref050","unstructured":"Lillo AM VN, Dichosa AEK, Liley, LM, Kozimor, SA, inventorSynthetic anti-plague antibodies. USA patent 11702465. 2023."},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0305034.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27756","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0027756","article-title":"Development of phage-based single chain Fv antibody reagents for detection of Yersinia pestis","volume":"6","author":"AM Lillo","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"pone.0305034.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-2748-7_8","article-title":"Applications of Yeast Surface Display for Protein Engineering","volume":"1319","author":"GM Cherf","year":"2015","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0305034.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1616408114","article-title":"Biophysical properties of the clinical-stage antibody landscape","volume":"114","author":"T Jain","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0305034.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1080\/02648725.2007.10648095","article-title":"Dynamic light scattering as a relative tool for assessing the molecular integrity and stability of monoclonal antibodies","volume":"24","author":"U Nobbmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biotechnology and genetic engineering reviews"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"pone.0305034.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(03)00433-3","article-title":"Analysis of aggregates of human immunoglobulin G using size-exclusion chromatography, static and dynamic light scattering","volume":"1009","author":"K Ahrer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of chromatography A"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0305034.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1006\/mpat.2002.0498","article-title":"Anti-V antigen antibody protects macrophages from Yersinia pestis -induced cell death and promotes phagocytosis","volume":"32","author":"S Weeks","year":"2002","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"pone.0305034.ref057","first-page":"179","article-title":"Roles of V antigen in promoting virulence in Yersiniae","volume":"9","author":"T Une","year":"1987","journal-title":"Contrib Microbiol Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0305034.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e32911","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032911","article-title":"Novel plasmids and resistance phenotypes in Yersinia pestis: unique plasmid inventory of strain Java 9 mediates high levels of arsenic resistance","volume":"7","author":"M Eppinger","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0305034.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/0-306-48416-1_76","article-title":"F1-negative natural Y. pestis strains","volume":"529","author":"TV Meka-Mechenko","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"pone.0305034.ref060","first-page":"408","article-title":"An unusual strain of Pasteurella pestis isolated from a fatal human case of plague","volume":"23","author":"CC Winter","year":"1960","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0305034.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-42-4-264","article-title":"Virulent non-capsulate Yersinia pestis variants constructed by insertion mutagenesis","volume":"42","author":"IG Drozdov","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"pone.0305034.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S178","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/21.Supplement_2.S178","article-title":"Relationship between virulence and immunity as revealed in recent studies of the F1 capsule of Yersinia pestis","volume":"21","author":"AM Friedlander","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0305034.ref063","first-page":"156","article-title":"Pathology of experimental pneumonic plague produced by fraction 1-positive and fraction 1-negative Yersinia pestis in African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops)","volume":"120","author":"KJ Davis","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"pone.0305034.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-024-0890-4_7","article-title":"Pathology and Pathogenesis of Yersinia pestis","volume":"918","author":"Z Du","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"pone.0305034.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726416","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.726416","article-title":"Impact of Toll-Like Receptor-Specific Agonists on the Host Immune Response to the Yersinia pestis Plague rF1V Vaccine","volume":"12","author":"S Biryukov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"pone.0305034.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fbrio.2023.1240698","article-title":"Live attenuated vaccines and layered defense strategies to combat infections caused by nonencapsulated Yersinia pestis","volume":"2","author":"SS Biryukov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Frontiers in Bacteriology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0305034.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.4161\/19420862.2015.989047","article-title":"Recombinant renewable polyclonal antibodies","volume":"7","author":"F Ferrara","year":"2015","journal-title":"MAbs"},{"key":"pone.0305034.ref068","volume-title":"Mabs","author":"N Velappan","year":"2020"},{"issue":"17\u201318","key":"pone.0305034.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2206","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(02)00119-6","article-title":"Determination of the virulence of the pigmentation-deficient and pigmentation-\/plasminogen activator-deficient strains of Yersinia pestis in non-human primate and mouse models of pneumonic plague","volume":"20","author":"S Welkos","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0305034.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1994.51.109","article-title":"Cat-transmitted fatal pneumonic plague in a person who traveled from Colorado to Arizona","volume":"51","author":"JM Doll","year":"1994","journal-title":"The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0305034.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2009.02.013","article-title":"A strategy to verify the absence of the pgm locus in Yersinia pestis strain candidates for select agent exemption","volume":"77","author":"AL Jenkins","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of microbiological methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0305034.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2216085","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2023.2216085","article-title":"Functional assays to screen and select monoclonal antibodies that target Yersinia pestis","volume":"19","author":"SS Biryukov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0305034.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e104524","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0104524","article-title":"A Yersinia pestis tat mutant is attenuated in bubonic and small-aerosol pneumonic challenge models of infection but not as attenuated by intranasal challenge","volume":"9","author":"J Bozue","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0305034.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2012.02583.x","article-title":"A Yersinia pestis YscN ATPase mutant functions as a live attenuated vaccine against bubonic plague in mice","volume":"332","author":"J Bozue","year":"2012","journal-title":"FEMS microbiology letters"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0305034","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T19:23:54Z","timestamp":1719948234000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0305034"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Chandra Shekhar","family":"Bakshi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0305034","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]]}}}