{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T20:02:03Z","timestamp":1789502523732,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of anesthetic agents in the management of fish in fish farming or ornamental fish breeding aims to minimize stress and promote animal welfare. Therefore, this study aims to investigate behavioral, electrocardiographic, and ventilatory characteristics of tambaquis exposed to anesthetic baths with etomidate. The study was conducted with juvenile tambaquis (27.38 \u00b1 3.5g) n = 99, at etomidate concentrations of 2\u20134 mg.L <jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup>, analyzing induction and anesthetic recovery behavior (experiment I), electrocardiogram (experiment II), and opercular movement (experiment III). Fish exposed to high concentrations of etomidate reached the stage of general anesthesia faster, however, the recovery time was longer, characterizing a dose-dependent relationship. Cardiorespiratory analyzes demonstrated a reduction in heart rate (69.19%) and respiratory rate (40.70%) depending on the concentration of etomidate used during anesthetic induction. During the recovery period, there was cardiorespiratory reversibility to normality. Therefore, etomidate proved to be safe as an anesthetic agent for this species at concentrations of 2 to 3 mg.L <jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup> for short-term anesthesia, but at higher doses the animals showed slow reversibility of anesthesia in a gradual manner and without excitability. The hemodynamic effect due to the rapid decrease in heart rate includes a negative factor of using higher concentrations of etomidate for <jats:italic>Colossome macropomum<\/jats:italic> anesthesia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0305093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T17:32:50Z","timestamp":1722965570000},"page":"e0305093","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Etomidate as an anesthetic in Colossoma macropomum: Behavioral and electrophysiological data complement each other as a tool to assess anesthetic safety"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3990-6817","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Thaysa de Sousa","family":"Reis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniella Bastos de","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clarissa Ara\u00fajo da","family":"Paz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo Gon\u00e7alves","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8404-1834","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anara de Sousa","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luana Vasconcelos de","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5974-3591","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yris da Silva","family":"Deiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2682-3315","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vera Louzeiro de Oliveira","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1275-8204","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gabriela Brito","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucas Lima da","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mois\u00e9s","family":"Hamoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0305093.ref001","article-title":"FAO Yearbook of Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics.","volume":"220","author":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rome"},{"key":"pone.0305093.ref002","first-page":"65","article-title":"Anu\u00e1rio Peixe BR da Piscicultura 2023.","author":"BR Peixe","year":"2023","journal-title":"S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0305093.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-011-9565-1","article-title":"Anaesthesia of farmed fish: implications for welfare","volume":"38","author":"IH Zahl","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fish Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"pone.0305093.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1590\/0001-3765201520140223","article-title":"Anesthetic activity and bio-guided fractionation of the essential oil of Aloysia gratissima (Gillies & Hook.) 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