{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T20:59:17Z","timestamp":1774472357232,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]],"date-time":"2024-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vaccination is critical to every responsible healthcare system, yielding several health and economic benefits. However, skepticism is a major challenge to vaccination adherence among parents globally. Mothers are primary decision-makers on children\u2019s vaccination; therefore, this study aims to assess maternal knowledge, attitudes, and adherence to children\u2019s routine vaccination in Jordan, identify the main sources of related information, and explore the awareness and hesitancy related to elective vaccination, which is not incorporated into the national vaccination program (e.g., varicella, flu, meningitis, and meningococcal vaccines). A descriptive, cross-sectional design was conducted to collect data from 533 Jordanian mothers between August and November 2023. Participant mothers completed an online self-administered questionnaire comprising demographics, knowledge, attitudes, and adherence to children\u2019s vaccination. The surveyed mothers in general exhibited high levels of knowledge, attitudes, and adherence concerning children\u2019s vaccination and a relatively moderate level of adherence concerning elective vaccines. The mothers\u2019 perspectives of reluctance towards elective vaccines were explored. The primary healthcare center and physicians were the most prevalent sources of mothers\u2019 vaccine-related information. Future efforts should implement tailored health education campaigns that address specific knowledge gaps, such as misconceptions about contraindications and side effects, promote awareness about elective vaccines, and engage healthcare providers to facilitate informed decision-making among Jordanian mothers and improve children\u2019s vaccination coverage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0305209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]],"date-time":"2024-07-10T17:25:00Z","timestamp":1720632300000},"page":"e0305209","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Maternal skepticism regarding children\u2019s vaccination in Jordan: Investigating the knowledge, attitude, and adherence"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Rand A.","family":"Al-Rashdan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4381-8772","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wafa\u2019a","family":"Ta\u2019an","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tareq","family":"Mukattash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brett","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0305209.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17031008","article-title":"10-year rotavirus infection surveillance: Epidemiological trends in the pediatric population of Perugia province","volume":"17","author":"C de Waure","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0305209.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.26502\/jesph.96120041","article-title":"A Cross-Sectional Study On Caregivers Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices about the Routine Immunisation Program in Tshwane Sub-District 2, Gauteng, South Africa: 2015","volume":"2","author":"MR Mphaka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Science and Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0305209.ref003","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Vaccines and Immunization [Internet]. World Health Organization. https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/vaccines-and-immunization#tab=tab_1"},{"key":"pone.0305209.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01526","article-title":"Impact of vaccines; health, economic and social perspectives","volume":"11","author":"CM Rodrigues","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in microbiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0305209.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina54010002","article-title":"Knowledge and attitudes of postpartum mothers towards immunization of their children in a Lithuanian tertiary teaching hospital","volume":"54","author":"M \u0160e\u0161kut\u0117","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0305209.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix340","article-title":"Beneficial nonspecific effects of oral polio vaccine (OPV): implications for the cessation of OPV?","volume":"65","author":"P Aaby","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0305209.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e596","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1351","article-title":"National immunization campaigns with oral polio vaccine may reduce all-cause mortality: an analysis of 13 years of demographic surveillance data from an urban African area","volume":"72","author":"A Andersen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"pone.0305209.ref008","unstructured":"Jordan | Data [Internet]. Worldbank.org. 2018. https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/country\/jordan"},{"key":"pone.0305209.ref009","unstructured":"Alma\u2019Aitah M. The Legal Regulations and Governmental Approaches towards Refugees in Jordan."},{"key":"pone.0305209.ref010","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Refugee and migrant health country profile: Jordan."},{"key":"pone.0305209.ref011","unstructured":"Allan A, Shammout R. Routine Childhood Immunizations [Internet]. www.unicef.org. 2022. https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/jordan\/stories\/routine-childhood-immunizations"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0305209.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10030404","article-title":"Optional vaccines in children\u2014Knowledge, attitudes, and practices in Romanian parents","volume":"10","author":"VD Miron","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"pone.0305209.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-08844-w","article-title":"Preferential differences in vaccination decision-making for oneself or one\u2019s child in The Netherlands: a discrete choice experiment","volume":"20","author":"J Hoogink","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0305209.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-020-02235-1","article-title":"The impact of parents\u2019 health behaviours on their preferences regarding vaccinations in Bialystok, Poland","volume":"20","author":"J Kra\u015bnicka","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0305209.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.30574\/wjbphs.2024.17.3.0134","article-title":"Schedule of pneumococcal conjugated vaccination and incidence of asthmatic exacerbation in children","volume":"17","author":"SR Al-Zeghoul","year":"2024","journal-title":"World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0305209.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.28608","article-title":"Public awareness regarding children vaccination in Jordan","volume":"10","author":"MM Masadeh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics"},{"key":"pone.0305209.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09526-3","article-title":"Parents\u2019 knowledge, attitude and practice towards children\u2019s vaccination in Lebanon: role of the parent-physician communication","volume":"20","author":"P Matta","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0305209.ref018","unstructured":"World Health Organization. million children miss out on lifesaving measles, diphtheria and tetanus vaccines in 2018. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/detail\/15-07-2019-20-million-children-miss-out-on-lifesaving-measles-diphtheria-and-tetanus-vaccines-in-2018. 20."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0305209.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1093\/jphsr\/rmaa009","article-title":"Perception and attitude of the public on vaccine practices and pharmacists as immunizers in Jordan","volume":"12","author":"YS Batarseh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research"},{"key":"pone.0305209.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/09603123.2024.2342018","article-title":"Navigating parental attitudes on childhood vaccination in Jordan: a cross-sectional study","volume":"17","author":"RK Abu-Farha","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Health Research"},{"issue":"30","key":"pone.0305209.ref021","first-page":"31","article-title":"Knowledge, attitude, and practice of parents on childhood immunization schedule in Saudi Arabia","volume":"20","author":"EH Alagsam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Age (years)"},{"issue":"48","key":"pone.0305209.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.10.003","article-title":"Knowledge, attitudes and practices about vaccine-preventable diseases and vaccinations of children among pregnant women in Greece","volume":"38","author":"HC Maltezou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0305209.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10050820","article-title":"Iraqi parents\u2019 knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards vaccinating their children: a cross-sectional study","volume":"10","author":"W Al-Qerem","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"pone.0305209.ref024","article-title":"Nationwide routine childhood vaccination coverage during the COVID-19 pandemic in Jordan: current situation, reasons, and predictors of vaccination","volume":"2022","author":"EY Abu-Rish","year":"2022","journal-title":"International journal of clinical practice"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0305209.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.3390\/nursrep11030047","article-title":"Assessment of mothers\u2019 knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding childhood vaccination during the first five years of life in Saudi Arabia","volume":"11","author":"WM Almutairi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nursing reports"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0305209.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwac037","article-title":"Can cross-sectional studies contribute to causal inference? It depends","volume":"192","author":"DA Savitz","year":"2023","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0305209.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.24874\/PES03.01.003","article-title":"Determination of sample size and sampling methods in applied research","volume":"3","author":"TS Nanjundeswaraswamy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proceedings on engineering sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0305209.ref028","first-page":"42","article-title":"Sample size determination for survey research and non-probability sampling techniques: A review and set of recommendations","volume":"11","author":"MM Rahman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Entrepreneurship, Business and Economics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0305209.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12715","DOI":"10.1111\/ijn.12715","article-title":"The forward-backward and dual-panel translation methods are comparable in producing semantic equivalent versions of a heart quality of life questionnaire","volume":"25","author":"WL Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"International journal of nursing practice"},{"key":"pone.0305209.ref030","unstructured":"MoH. Guide to vaccination and monitoring the diseases for which vaccines are administered. Jordan: Ministry of Health; 2017. https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/jordan\/media\/12741\/file\/MOH_Vac_ManualA.pdf"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0305209.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0266440","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0266440","article-title":"Knowledge, attitude, and practice of seasonal influenza and influenza vaccine immunization among people visiting primary healthcare centers in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","volume":"17","author":"N Alhatim","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0305209.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000001664","article-title":"Guidelines for designing and evaluating feasibility pilot studies","volume":"60","author":"JA Teresi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medical care"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0305209.ref033","first-page":"99","article-title":"Validity and reliability of survey scales","volume":"4","author":"PI Louangrath","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Research & Methodology in Social Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0305209.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2174\/18744346-v17-230223-2022-88","article-title":"Determinants of Parents\u2019 Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practice toward Childhood Vaccination: A National Study","volume":"17","author":"O Nassar","year":"2023","journal-title":"The Open Nursing Journal"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0305209.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/cmw086","article-title":"Knowledge, awareness and practices towards seasonal influenza and its vaccine: implications for future vaccination campaigns in Jordan","volume":"33","author":"EY Abu-Rish","year":"2016","journal-title":"Family practice"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0305209.ref036","first-page":"22","article-title":"Knowledge, attitude and practice of mothers toward children\u2019s obligatory vaccination","volume":"5","author":"HA Ramadan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Nursing and health science"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0305209.ref037","article-title":"KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICES OF CAREGIVERS TOWARDS OPTIONAL VACCINATION IN INFANTS IN MORADABAD","volume":"1","author":"A. Srivastava","year":"2021","journal-title":"Archives of Medical and Allied Health Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0305209.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.4103\/jcls.jcls_55_18","article-title":"Maternal knowledge, attitude and compliance regarding immunization of under five children in Primary Health Care centres in Ikorodu Local Government Area, Lagos State","volume":"16","author":"OA Adefolalu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Sciences"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0305209.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0266139","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0266139","article-title":"Knowledge, attitudes, and practices among Indonesian urban communities regarding HPV infection, cervical cancer, and HPV vaccination","volume":"17","author":"H Winarto","year":"2022","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0305209.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3146","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2016.1215393","article-title":"Community pharmacies as sites of adult vaccination: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"RC Burson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0305209.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmacy7040166","article-title":"Pharmacists as immunizers: the role of pharmacies in promoting immunization campaigns and counteracting vaccine hesitancy","volume":"7","author":"NL Bragazzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacy"},{"key":"pone.0305209.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.2147\/CEOR.S167500","article-title":"Economic analysis of pharmacist-administered influenza vaccines in Ontario, Canada","volume":"24","author":"DJ O\u2019Reilly","year":"2018","journal-title":"ClinicoEconomics and Outcomes Research"},{"issue":"16","key":"pone.0305209.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8455","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18168455","article-title":"Parental awareness and attitude about childhood immunization in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study","volume":"18","author":"SZ Alshammari","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0305209","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]],"date-time":"2024-07-10T17:25:51Z","timestamp":1720632351000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0305209"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Ahmad H.","family":"Al-Nawafleh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0305209","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]]}}}