{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T09:19:28Z","timestamp":1789463968121,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724284800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Little is known about the effect of using an attentional focus instruction on motor performance in people with intellectual disabilities. Therefore, this study explored the effects of different attentional focus instructions on gross motor skill performances in individuals with Down syndrome. Seven community-dwelling participants (age 25.2\u00b13.2 yrs, height 1.70\u00b10.04 m, body mass 72.0\u00b16.3 kg) voluntarily participated in the study. Motor performance on 5-meter running (5m sprint), vertical jump (countermovement jump with arm swing, CMJ), broad jump (standing broad jump, SBJ), forward medball throw (FMBT) or overhead medball backward throw (OMBT) and rising-up from a chair (five repetition sit-to-stand, 5STS) were recorded while performing internal-focus (IF) or external-focus (EF) instructions. EF induced significantly (p&lt;0.05) better performance than IF in CMJ (EF: 15\u00b19 cm; IF: 11\u00b18 cm, median \u00b1interquartile range), SBJ (EF: 0.8\u00b11.05 m; IF: 0.5\u00b11.0 m), FMBT (EF: 1.5\u00b11.4 m; IF: 1.4\u00b11.1 m), OMBT (EF: 4.0\u00b11.5 m; IF: 3.6\u00b11.1 m) and 5STS (EF: 14.2\u00b15.4; IF:15.3\u00b17.7 s). The time over the 5m sprint tended to be shorter with EF (4.0\u00b12.0 s) than IF (5.05\u00b13.3 s) but the difference did not reach the statistical significance (p = 0.29). Physical trainers and school teachers should be encouraged to manage different types of attentional focus instructions to improve cognitive and gross motor performances in persons with Down syndrome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0305267","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T18:42:16Z","timestamp":1724352136000},"page":"e0305267","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A crossover study on attentional focus and gross motor performance in individuals with Down syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Luca","family":"Cavaggioni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7677-5070","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Luca Paolo","family":"Ardig\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8775-2605","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Paolo","family":"Castiglioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Athos","family":"Trecroci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Casalini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2941-937X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Damiano","family":"Formenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giampiero","family":"Merati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0305267.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000004714","article-title":"Attentional Focus Effects on Lower-Limb Muscular Strength in Athletes: A Systematic Review","volume":"38","author":"D Pompa","year":"2024","journal-title":"The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research"},{"key":"pone.0305267.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000335","article-title":"Superiority of external attentional focus for motor performance and learning: Systematic reviews and meta-analyses","volume":"147","author":"LK Chua","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"pone.0305267.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1080\/1750984X.2012.723728","article-title":"Attentional focus and motor learning: a review of 15 years","volume":"6","author":"G. 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